甲骨文又称契文、龟甲文或龟甲兽骨文,是清朝在河南安阳发现的一种刻在龟甲和兽骨上的文字。当时的国子监祭酒,也是著名金石学家王懿荣偶然在药材中看到了它们,认定它们是极有价值的物件,由此才开始了对甲骨文的保护和收藏。
Oracle bone inscription is also called Voynichese or inscriptions on bones or tortoise shells. It was discovered in Anyang of Henan province in the Qing Dynasty. Wang Yirong, a famous epigrapher and also the head of Imperial Academy at that time, occasionally found some bones with these inscriptions written on them among common medicinal materials. He firmly believed that they were of extremely high value and began to protect and collect this kind of oracle bones from then on.
后来经过许多学者专家考证研究,这些写有文字的龟甲和兽骨,其实是三千多年前的商代用来占卜的工具。那时候的人们在锯削整齐的龟甲和牛骨背面钻出圆形的深窝和浅槽,占卜时,用燃烧着的木枝对它们进行烧灼,烧灼到一定程度以后,在这些甲骨的相应部位就会有裂纹显现。这些裂纹的不同形状,就是占卜师们用来判断事情的吉凶成败的根据。甲骨上的文字,就是占卜师在卜后用刀子刻上去的占卜详情,也就是卜辞。这些刻有卜辞的甲骨被妥善藏于窖穴之中,所以才能流传到现在。
Later, many experts have proved that these tortoise shells and bones with inscriptions were used as instruments for augury in the Shang Dynasty and have a history of more than three thousand years. At that time, people carved round cavities, deep or shallow, on the tortoise shells and ox bones which were already cut into smooth and flat pieces. On the occasion of augury, people scorched these cavities with a burning twig until there were cracks on the surface of the bones or shells. According to different shapes of the cracks, the fortuneteller could then decide whether there would be a success or not. The result of the augury was then carved on the shells or bones with a knife by the fortuneteller and became the inscriptions we see today. These shells and bones would be well preserved in cellars or caves and come down to modern times.
甲骨文被认为是现代汉字的早期形式,也是中国目前发现的最古老的一种成熟系统的文字。从这些甲骨文看来,当时的汉字已经能够完整记载汉语了。在已发现的甲骨文里,出现的单字数量已达到四千左右。虽然甲骨文的外形和现在的汉字有很大的区别,但是从构字方法来看,两者还是基本上是一致的。甲骨文的内容涉及当时社会生活各方面的内容,所以,除了在语言文字研究上的价值以外,甲骨文也是研究商代社会历史文化的珍贵资料。
Oracle bone inscription is the early form of modern Chinese characters; they represent a highly developed writing system discovered in China up to the present, which is complete enough to record the language. Among the inscriptions discovered so far, there are about four thousand individual characters. Although they are quite different from modern Chinese characters in terms of font style, basically, they still resemble each other in character formation. These oracle bone inscriptions describe all kinds of social activities in the Shang Dynasty; therefore, except for its value in the language study, they are also a precious resource for the study of the history and culture in the Shang Dynasty.