The 13th lecture of College English one:
A. Intensive reading Text B:1. please look at the second paragraph on page 275. I'll read and then I'll
translate it, especially pay attention to those phrases。译：首先要认识问题。只有问题找对了，才能得出正确的答案。解决问题始于透彻的理解。问题的出现有各种情况。它们有时产生于偶然的观察，有时可能出自于阅读、实验或仅仅思考，也有可能来于新的发展或人类新的不同的需求。例如：今天，许多问题产生于核物理、生物工程和微电子领域的新发现。工业的发展也已经带来了大量的必须被解决的问题。
短语：⑴first of all首先；⑵only if除非；⑶grow out of=arise from产生于；⑷result from产生于；⑸bring about导致；⑹large number of大量的
2. Sometimes it will suggest areas that are in need of further study.(5段)译：有时未回答的问题会显示需要进一步研究的领域。
注意在这句话中suggest不是"建议"而是"暗示，显示"，因此不用虚拟语气。a.He suggested that we leave the country at once.(虚拟语气)
b.His face suggested that he was angry.（非虚拟语气）短语: in need of sth需要...
3. Should the observation or predictions turn out to be as expected, the scientist has added confidence in the probable truth of his hypothesis. (8段)
译：如果所观察到的或预测结果正如所料，科学家对他假说的可靠性就增加了信心。通过翻译我们会发现这句话包含有一个虚拟语气，并且省略了if，进行了倒装。原句应是：
If the observation or predictions should turn out to be as expected, the scientist has added confidence in the probable truth of his
hypothesis.但请大家注意此时主句用了陈述语气，属于非正式用法。短语：turn out 结果是...
He turned out to be a cheat.4. Experiments have to be made under carefully controlled conditions.（*）
译：实验必须在严格控制的条件下进行。考点：under carefully controlled conditions.
B. Important phrases:1.first of all(2段1行); 2. only if(2段2行); 3.grow out of/arise from(2段4/8行);
4.result from(2段5行); 5.bring about(2段10行); 6.large number of(2段10行); 7.build a firm foundation(4段5行); 8.in need of sth(5段5行); 9.build up(6段1行); 10.turn out to
be(8段1行); 11.give up(8段4行); 12.check with(9段1行); 13.a variety of sth(2段3行); 14.carry out(7段2行)
C. Grammar knowledge: Non-finite Verbs (2)Gerund and participles：（动名词和分词）
Ⅰ. Gerund:动名词是三种非谓语动词的一种。由动词原形加ing构成。具有某些动词的特点，在句中起名词的作用，由此得名动名词。它可以有自己的宾语和状语，这是动词的特点；在句中担任主语、表语、宾语，及定语，这属于名词的特点。
a.Learning English very well is not easy.(主语)b.His job is teaching computer at college.（表语）
c.I enjoy sleeping.（动宾）d.She is thinking of finding another better job.（介宾）
e.Take some sleeping pills, and you will fall asleep.（定语）动名词也可根据需要在前面加上物主代词或名词所有格来表示它的逻辑主语。
a.Mary's being late again made me very angry.b.Do you mind my/me opening the door?
1.动名词作主语：a.Seeing is believing.
b.Talking too much is no use.注意：用动名词作主语，有时也可用it作形式主语。如上面的第二句可改为：
It's no use talking too much.常用的句型有：It's no use doing sth; it's no good doing sth
a.It's no use crying over spilt milk.b.It's no good eating so many ice creams.
2.动名词作表语：一般表示比较抽象的习惯性的动作，这时表语和主语常可互换。a.What he likes best is making jokes.
b.Making jokes is what he likes best.3.动名词作宾语：既可作动词宾语，也可作介词的宾语。有些动词后面必须用动名词，请记住下列常考动词：admit, avoid, consider, enjoy,
finish, deny, mind, practice, risk, suggest, postpone, miss, can't help, put off, give up, keep on etc.
a.She denied stealing her money.b.I tried my best to avoid meeting him in the street.
c.You'd better put off having the meeting because of SARS.d.If you want to make great progress, you must practice speaking every day.
e.I am considering doing it again.动名词常跟在一些固定的词组后面，如：
insist on, look forward to, be used to, succeed in, be interested in, be engaged in, depend on, be busy doing, stick to, devote to, etc
注意：有些动词后面既可用不定式作宾语也可用动名词作宾语，且差别不大，如：continue, begin start, prefer etc.a.I prefer making a plan before I go over my lessons.
b.I prefer to make a plan before I go over my lessons但有些动词区别却很大，如：remember, forget, regret, go on, try, etc.(*)
a.I remember giving money to him. (表示give这个动作已在remember 前发生过了。)b.I remember to give money to him. （表示give这个动作还未在remember 前发生。）
c.I regret accepting your advice.d.I regret to tell you that I won't accept your advice.
e.They went on talking about it.f.They went on to talk about it.
g.They stopped talking.h.They stopped to talk.
4.动名词作定语：一般表示所修饰词的用途，如：drinking water, writing desk, reading room, etc.5.动名词的否定式：not + 动名词
I'm sorry not getting there on time.6.动名词的时态和语态：
1>.一般时表示一般性的动作，发生的时间不明确。而完成时表示动作在谓语动词之前发生。a.I am looking forward to seeing you soon.
b.Thank you for having helped me so much.2>.当动名词逻辑上的主语是它所表示的动作的对象时，要用它的被动语态。
a.He insisted on being sent to hospital.b.He insisted on sending her to hospital.
3>.当句子谓语是want, need, require, deserve时，常用动名词的主动形式表被动含义。a.The radio needs repairing. (= The radio needs to be repaired.)
b.The babies require examining. (= The babies require to be examined.)4>.主语 + be worth doing / 主语 +　be worthy + to be done/of being done.
a.The book is worth reading.b.The book is worthy to be read.
c.The book is worthy of being read.Ⅱ.participle:分词也是非谓语动词的一种，它有两种形式：现在分词和过去分词。分词可以有自己的宾语和状语，也可有逻辑主语，在句中担任表语，定语，状语和宾补。
a.The story is interesting. I'm interested in it.（表语）b.This is a moving film.（定语）
c.She came in, singing and dancing.（状语）d.He saw that man jumping off the wall.(宾补)
1.现在分词和过去分词的区别：从语态上讲，现在分词表示主动，而过去分词表示被动；从时态上讲，现在分词表正在进行的动作，而过去分词表示已完成的动作。a.Do you know the woman talking to Tom?
b.We can see only the part of the moon lighted by sunlight.c.China is a developing country while America is a developed country.
d. Look! The falling leaves are yellow. Lots of fallen leaves make the road yellow.
2.分词作表语：一般当主语是物时，用现在分词，含有"令人..." ；当主语是人时一般用过去分词，表示"感到...".a.They got very excited after watching the exciting movies.
b.We are encouraged by the encouraging news. 3.分词作定语：⑴单个分词作定语一般放在它所修饰的名词之前，但有时为了强调动作，也可放在它所修饰的名词后面。
a.The swimming boy is my brother.b.What is the language spoken in Japan?
⑵分词短语作定语放在被修饰的名词之后。The girl dressed in white is Helen.
4.分词作宾补：补充说明宾语的意义。通常用在一些感官动词和使役动词后面。与句子的宾语是主动关系用现在分词；若与宾语是被动关系，用过去分词。a.I heard someone calling me.
b.I heard my name called.过去分词在have, get后作宾补时，常表示该动作不是由主语完成的，而是由别人完成的。（考点＊）
a.You'd better have your hair cut.b.He had some pictures taken in the park.
5.分词作状语：来修饰谓语动词或整个句子，表示动作发生的时间、原因、条件、结果、让步或伴随等情况。a.（on) hearing the news, they couldn't help laughing.
b.Having turned off the TV, he began to read a book. (强调分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前，用分词的完成形式作状语。)
c. Being so angry, he couldn't go to sleep. (原因状语)d.Given more attention, the trees could have grown better. (条件状语)
e.Although working from morning till night, he can't finish his papers. (让步状语)f.The hero sat there, surrounded by a lot of students.(伴随状语)
如上的句子中的分词都可改成从句，大家自己练习改写一下。 注意：分词短语作状语时，它的逻辑主语通常应是句子的主语，这点很重要。
a. If you see from the hill, the city is beautiful.(不可改为分词作状语，主句和从句主语不一致。)b.Seen from the hill, the city is beautiful.
= When the city is seen from the hill, the city is beautiful. 6.分词的被动语态形式：
a.The question being discussed is very important.(表示一个动作正在进行，而又含有被动意味。)b.You are welcome to a party to be given in our class on Dec. 25.(将来要发生动作的被动语态。)
c.This is a picture painted by my boyfriend. ７.若分词有自己单独的主语，而并非句子的主语，那么我们称它为独立主格。（以后介绍。）
key to some exercises:p270:Ⅰ.d, a, c, c, a.
Ⅱ.1.curious about; 2.take apart; 3.stimulate; 4.telationship; 5.previously; 6.acceptable; 7.solution; 8.proper; 9.determine; 10.sprout
p273:Ⅱ.1.failure; 2.relationship; 3.environment; 4.imagination; 5.evidence; 6.findings; 7.ohenonmenon; 8.curiosity; 9.attitude; 10.solution
Ⅲ.1. Man wondered why birds could fly while man couldn't.2. The child took the toy apart but he didn't know how to put it together again.
4. She's very tired, but she is still willing to help others.6. We have determined to seek the answers to the questions.
8. You should adapt yourself to the new environment.p280Ⅰ.T, T, F, T, F, T, F, F, T, F

• reading [´ri:diŋ] n.(阅)读；朗读；读物 (初中英语单词)
• paragraph [´pærəgrɑ:f] n.段；节 vt.将...分段 (初中英语单词)
• observation [,ɔbzə´veiʃən] n.观测；注意；意义 (初中英语单词)
• probable [´prɔbəbəl] a.大概的n.很可能的事 (初中英语单词)
• variety [və´raiəti] n.变化；多样(性)；种类 (初中英语单词)
• computer [kəm´pju:tə] n.计算机；电子计算器 (初中英语单词)
• sleeping [´sli:piŋ] n.&a.睡着(的) (初中英语单词)
• opening [´əupəniŋ] n.开放；开端 a.开始的 (初中英语单词)
• postpone [pəust´pəun] v.延迟；搁置；延缓发作 (初中英语单词)
• writing [´raitiŋ] n.书写；写作；书法 (初中英语单词)
• worthy [´wə:ði] a.有价值的；值得的 (初中英语单词)
• spoken [´spəukən] speak的过去分词 (初中英语单词)
• working [´wə:kiŋ] a.工人的；劳动的 (初中英语单词)
• welcome [´welkəm] a.受欢迎的；可喜的 (初中英语单词)
• willing [´wiliŋ] a.情愿的，乐意的 (初中英语单词)
• scientist [´saiəntist] n.(自然)科学家 (高中英语单词)
• finding [´faindiŋ] n.发现物；判断；结果 (高中英语单词)
• seeing [si:iŋ] see的现在分词 n.视觉 (高中英语单词)
• hearing [´hiəriŋ] n.听力；听证会；审讯 (高中英语单词)
• considering [kən´sidəriŋ] prep.就...而论 (英语四级单词)
• intensive [in´tensiv] a.加强的；精耕细作的 (英语六级单词)
• speaking [´spi:kiŋ] n.说话 a.发言的 (英语六级单词)
• calling [´kɔ:liŋ] n.点名；职业；欲望 (英语六级单词)