酷兔英语

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一字不同,意义有别

  英语的情态动词(modal verbs)可以协助主动词,表达一句话的语气;有时,不同的情态动词还会多少扭转一句话的含意。例如"Shall I come in?"和"May I come in?"这两句话的含意一样吗?答案是否定的。

  用"May"提问,目的在请求对方同意某事,是种客气方式,意思是:"我想进来,不知你允许吗?"

  用"Shall"提问,目的在探听对方要不要我进来,有点像"Do you want me to come in?"而"你要我进来,我就进来,你不要我进来,我就不进来。"

  现在再比较下列各组,看看语意有何差别:


(1) a. Shall I read this book now?

(你现在要我看这本书吗?)

   b. May I read this book now?

(我现在可以看这本书吗?)


(2) a. Shall I buy the stamps for you?

(你要我替你买邮票吗?)

  b. Can I buy the stamps for you?

(我可以替你买邮票吗?)


(3) a. Shall I write the annual report?

(你要我写年终报告吗?)

 b. Might/May/Can I write the annual report?(我可以写年终报告了吗?)


  最后,再看看另外两句的差别何在?

(4) Our basketball team has gone to Malaysia.


(5) Our basketball team has been to Malaysia.


  第4句子里用"gone";5里用"been"。一字不同,意思有别。

  前句的含义是:这支队伍现在已不在这儿到马来西亚去了。后句的意思是:这支队伍曾经去过马来西亚,但现在已在这儿。


  同样的,第6句和第7句的含义差别也和4及5一样:

(6) Jade has gone to China.

(7) Jade has been to China.


  由此可见,"have gone to"和"have been to"尽管样貌相似,用的都是现在完成时态,但含意并不相同。

  通过上述例句的对比,可以知道"今天早上,海伦去看过牙医了"的英译句应该是8或9:

(8)  Helen has been to the dentist.

(9) Helen went to see the dentist this morning.不能说:

(10) Helen has gone to the dentist this morning.


  还有,针对"Where have you been before?"这句问话,正确的答案是11不是12:

(11) I have been to London.

(12) I have gone to London.

  因为人还在说话,怎么可以在伦敦?


  在结束本文之前,请比较13a和13b,以确定其语意:

(13) a. The security guard is used to watch the bank.

   b. The security guard is used to watching the bank.


  13a. 是被动句,意思是:"保安人员被用来看守银行。"主动句是:"Someone uses the security guard to watch the bank."


  13b. 是"接系动词+used to + 宾语"

(linking verb + used to + object),意思是:

"保安人员习惯于看守银行。"

其他例子:


(14) Are you used to living in a cold counrty?(你习惯住在寒冷国家吗?)

(15)  I am quite used to cold weather.

   (我相当适应冷天气。)



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