http://www.qeto.com/
Text B To Sleep, Perchance toDream
New Words
　　1 perchance ad. [古] 1.偶然，意外地；2.可能，或许
　　2 miserable a. 悲惨的；可怜的
　　3 far-fetched a. 1.牵强的；2.未必会的，靠不住的
　　4 veteran n. 1.老兵，老手；2.[美]退伍军人
　　 a. 老练的；经验丰富的
　　5 administration n. 1.管理，经营；2.行政，行政机关
　　6 sleepy a. 困倦的，嗜睡的
　　7 link n. 环节，联系
　　vt. 用环连接；联系
　　8 elude vt.（巧妙地）逃避，躲避
　　elusion
　　elusive(形容词)
　　9 respectively ad. 各自的，分别地
　　10 definitive a. 1.决定的，确定的；2.限定的，明确的
　　infinitive(不明确的,不确定的。)
　　11 evolve vt.1.使发展，使形成，制定；
　　2.引申出，推论
　　vi. 1.进展；2.进化
　　evolution（进化论）
　　12 differ vi. 1.不同，相异（from）；
　　2.与...意见不同（from, with）
　　different（形容词）
　　difference（名词）
　　13 surprisingly ad. 惊人地；出乎意料地
　　surprise（动词）
　　14 namely ad. 即，也就是
　　15 plus prep. 加，加上
　　a. 1.正的；2.附加的
　　minus（减）
　　16 acronym n. 首字母缩略词
　　17 eyeball n. 眼球
　　18 correlation n. 相互关系，关联
　　19 physiology n. 生理学
　　20 unhappy n. 1.不快乐的，愁苦的；2.不幸的
　　21 dreamer n. 1.做梦的人；2.空想家
　　22 volunteer n. 志愿者；志愿兵
　　a.志愿的
　　vi.志愿
　　23 identity n. 1.同一，一致；2.身份，本体
　　ID card（身份证）
　　24 primarily ad. 1.首先，起初；2.首要地，主要地
　　25 merry a. 欢乐的，愉快的
　　26 psychology n. 1.心理学；2.心理
　　27 location n. 1.定位，测位；2.位置，场所
　　locate（动词）
　　28 reinforce vt.1.增援，支援；2.加强，增加；
　　3.进一步证实
　　Phrases and Expressions
　　1 influence on 对...的影响
　　2 to break into 分成（部分）
　　3 to check into 调查
　　account for 占。。。（部分），说明。。。原因
　　in turn 反过来，依次，轮流
　　重点词汇：
　　1.link : n./ vt.环节，联系
　　I'd like to have a few linksremoved from this necklace. 我想从这条项链上去掉几环。
　　There is a clear link betweenpoverty and malnutrition. 贫穷与营养不良之间有明显的联系。
　　2.respectively : ad. 各自地，分别地
　　派生词：respect vt./n. 尊敬，尊重；方面
　　In the 200 metres,Lizzy and Sarah came first and third respectively. 在200 米赛跑中，利兹和莎拉分别获第一和第三名。
　　注意区别：respectable a. 值得尊敬的；respectful a. 恭敬的，尊敬的
　　3. differ : vi .不同，相异
　　派生词：different a. 不同的，相异的；difference n. 区别，差别，相异
　　The twins look alike, but theydiffer in temperament. 这对双胞胎看起来很像，但脾气不同。Robots differ from automaticmachines in that after completion of one specific task, they can bereprogrammed by a computer to do another one.
　　机器人与自动化机器不同之处在于机器人完成某一特定任务后，可由计算机重新编制程序去完成另一项任务。
　　4. identity:n. 同一，一致；身份
　　派生词：identify v. 识别，鉴别；identical a. 相同的，同一的
　　The man's identity was being keptsecret while he was helping the police with information about the murder. 这个人在向警察提供有关此谋杀案的信息时身份是保密的。
　　5. influence on : 对 ...的影响
　　Parents have great influence ontheir children. 父母对孩子有极大的影响。
　　重点句子：
　　 Text B To Sleep, Perchance toDream
　　So you awoke this morning in amiserable mood. Well, maybe your special dream character didn't put in anappearance last night, or maybe there just weren't enough people driftingthrough your dreams.⑴
　　1.Well, maybe your special dreamcharacter didn't put in an appearance last night, or maybe there just weren'tenough people drifting through your dreams. ( para.1)
　　to put in an appearance (出于责任或礼貌，暂时地）到场，出席，露面
　　drifting through your dreams. 现在分词短语作定语，修饰people
　　全句译为："是的，也许是你的特别的梦中人昨夜没在你梦中出现，或者是浮现在你梦中的人不够多。"
　　If that sounds like far-fetchedfantasy, consider these interesting findings that have emerged from eight yearsof sleep and dream research at the Veterans Administration hospital inCincinnati, Ohio:
　　While sleep affects how sleepy,friendly, aggressive, and unhappy we feel after awakening, feelings ofhappiness or unhappy we feel after awakening, feelings of happiness orunhappiness depend most strongly on our dreams.⑵
　　2.While sleep affects how sleepy,friendly, aggressive, and unhappy we feel after awakening, feelings ofhappiness or unhappiness depend most strongly on our dreams. (para.3)
　　While 意为"尽管，虽然"
　　how sleepy, friendly, aggressive ,and unhappy we feel after awakening 为宾语从句，
　　depend ... on 依赖，依靠
　　全句译为："虽然睡眠影响我们醒来之后如何困倦、和善、暴躁还是不快，我们的愉快与否的感觉很大程度上却取决于我们所做的梦的内容。"
　　Each of us has a special dreamcharacter, a type of person whose appearance in our dreams makes us feelhappier when we awake.
　　What we dream at night isn't asimportant to how we feel in the morning as the number of people who appear inour dreams.⑶ The more people, the better we feel.
　　3.What we dream at night isn't asimportant to how we feel in the morning as the number of people who appear inour dreams. (para.5)
　　What we dream at night 主语从句 as important...as 像...一样重要
　　全句译为："对我们清晨醒来时感觉如何，我们在夜间梦见什么并不十分重要，重要的是有多少人出现在我们梦中。"
　　Our sleep influences our mood. Ourmood, in turn, affects our performance.⑷ Andthroughout the day, our levels of mood and performance remain closely linked.
　　influences 可以是名词也可以是动词，影响的意思。
　　译文：我们的睡眠影响我们的情绪，反过来我们的情绪又影响我们的行为。
　　During the past two decades,research has greatly expanded our knowledge about sleep and dreams. Scientistshave identified various stages of sleep, and they have found that humans canfunction well on very little sleep, but only if they dream. ⑸Yet the true function of sleep anddreaming continues to elude precise explanation.
　　Function v. 运转
　　only if ：只有
　　if only ：引导虚拟条件句，要是...就好了。
　　译文：科学家已经确认了各种不同的睡眠阶段，并且已经发现人类肌体可以运行的很好，但是只是在做梦的情况下。
　　In 1970 Milton Kramer and ThomasRoth, researchers at the VA Hospital and the University of Cincinnati Collegeof Medicine, respectively, raised this question: Do our moods in the morningrelate in any way to our sleep and dreams the previous night?
　　Human experience suggests thatthey do. Certainly we generally feel better after a good night's sleep. ButDrs. Kramer and Roth sought a much more definitive answer. And that answer,though sill evolving is a positive yes.
　　Kramer and Roth began by seekingto determine whether one's mood differs between night and morning, and whetherthis is related" target="_blank" title="a.叙述的；有联系的">related directly to sleep.⑹ They found thatthere is a difference, and it is definitelyrelated" target="_blank" title="a.叙述的；有联系的">related to sleep. Then theyexplored the various aspects of mood and their relationship to the variousstages of sleep and dreaming.
　　be related" target="_blank" title="a.叙述的；有联系的">related to 与...有关系
　　译文：Kramer和Roth企图确定人们的情绪早晚是否不同，并且这是否直接与人们的睡眠有关。
　　What does a good night's sleepmean to our mood? Generally we are happier, less aggressive, sleepier, and, abit surprisingly, less friendly. Being sleepier is easily explained. It simplytakes a little time to become fully alert after awakening.
　　But why should we feel lessfriendly? here the researchers must speculate alittle. They suggest the answer may be the lack of association with
　　other humans during the period ofsleep.
　　Once the two doctors establishedscientifically what common sense and folk wisdom had long taught - namely, thatthere is link between sleep and how we feel -they set out to learn what partsof our mood are related" target="_blank" title="a.叙述的；有联系的">related to which specific parts of the sleep cycle. ⑺
　　Common sense 是普通常识
　　folk wisdom 民间智慧 folk a.民间的
　　set out to do 着手做某事
　　译文：两位博士一旦科学的确定了人们长期以来学习到的普通知识和民间智慧--即睡眠和我们的感觉之间的有联系，他们就着手了解我们的情绪的哪些部分与睡眠周期的哪些具体部分有关。
　　Normal sleep is broken into fivedistinct parts - Stages I through 4, plus REM, an acronym for rapid eyemovement. Much remains unknown about each of the five sleep stages. Mostdreaming occurs during REM sleep, a period when the eyeballs move rapidlybeneath the closed lids. And whether they remember or not, all adults dream,usually four to six times a night.
　　Three types of mood are stronglyrelated" target="_blank" title="a.叙述的；有联系的">related to some specific stage of sleep. Our friendly, aggressive, and sleepyfeelings all relate to Stage 2 sleep, which accounts for most of our totalsleep hours. ⑻Our friendly and sleepy feelings, but not our aggressive feelings, areaffected as well by Stages 3 and 4, and by how long it takes us to fall asleep.
　　account for 占...比例
　　译文：我们的友善、好斗、倦意都与占我们绝大部分睡眠时间的睡眠的第二阶段有关。
　　This means that if you get lesssleep than normal -and people vary a great deal in how much sleep they normallyrequire -you awake more friendly, more aggressive, and less sleepy.
　　At this point, the doctors foundthemselves puzzled. They knew from their earlier work that sleep determines ifpeople feel happier. Yet when they studied the various sleep stages, they foundno correlation between sleep physiology and the unhappy mood. Clearly sleepmade a difference, but that difference didn't relate to how much time one spentin each of the various sleep stages.
　　The two researchers decided thekey to whether we feel happy or unhappy after sleep must lie in sleep'spsychological component -our dreams.⑼ So they began studying dreamcontent -what dreamers dreamed and who appeared in their dreams -to see howthis affected mood.
　　"We feel happy or unhappyafter sleep"这个句子是介词宾语从句的主语，是一个主语从句。
　　译文：两个研究人员决定我们睡醒后是否高兴的关键在于我们睡觉时的心理组成成份--我们的梦。
　　Instead of sleeping through thenight, volunteers now were awakened four times while in REM sleep. They wereasked about such things as what their dreams were about; the sex, age,identity, and number of the people in their dreams; and what each person in adream was doing.
　　Interestingly, Kramer and Rothfound that being awakened four times a night didn't make a difference in thevolunteers' morning mood patterns. But they did find that who appears in adream has a far greater influence on mood than what occurs in the dream."Who affects all the moods." Kramer says,"but primarily the unhappy mood."
　　Each of us, it turns out, has aspecial dream character,⑽ and if this type of character appears in ourdreams, we are happier when we awake. "For people in general, how unhappyyou feel after sleep depends on who is in the dream." Kramer says."Who it is that makes you happier is different for you than for me."⑾ For some it may be an olderwoman, for example; for others, a young man.
　　10.我们每个人，原来是都有一个特殊的梦的特征或梦中情人。
　　11.每个能使我们更高兴的人，因人而异。
　　Who appears in your dream isn'tthe only important thing. The more people who appear in you dreams the happieryou are on awakening. It's a case of the more the merrier.⑿ "The bad thing in a dream isto be alone; you feel worse," Kramer explains. "You can relate thisto wakening psychology, where being alone leads to more unhappiness. There issomething about interacting with people that produces happiness."
　　12.情况是人越多就越高兴。
　　A number of researchers haveexamined the relationship of mood and performance. The doctors also checkedinto this relationship, and they have found some interesting correlations.
　　 "We found that the morefriendly, more aggressive, more clear-thinking, less sleepy, and surprisingly,the more unhappy you are, the better you perform. ⒀That last one -the unhappy - Ican't explain," Kramer says. Moreover, the level of a person's moods andthe level of his or her performance rise and fall together throughout the day.
　　Initially the two VA researchersworked only with men, because the dreams of men are far easier to study. Menand women dream differently. Indeed, sex is the biggest factor in accountingfor differences in the people, activities, locations and feelings that occur indreams.⒁ Dr. Kramer says, "When you compare men and women, you get agreater difference in dream content than when you compare, say, 20-and 60-year-olds,or black and white."
　　（14）account for 解释...的原因
　　译文：确实，性别是解释出现在人们梦中的行为、地点和感觉的不同的最大因素。
　　Last year the VA researchers beganstudying the relationship of sleep, dreams, and mood in women. This work iscontinuing, but the initial findings reinforce what they had found in men.
　　"Overall, the women are justlike men," Kramer says.
　　补充知识： 被动语态
　　英语中的被动语态应用远远多于汉语，尤其是在科技、法律文件中更为广泛。使用被动语态可以不出现动作的执行者 （通常为人），强调动作的承受者，体现了客观性。因此，凡是不必要、不知道或不愿意说出动作的执行者的时候，就用被动语态。
　　被动语态的基本结构为： be + 及物动词的过去分词
　　被动语态可以用于所有时态，要注意动词be要与主语的人称、数都一致。另外，还可以有含有情态动词的被动语态，其结构为：情态动词+be+ 过去分词
　　例如：His room is being painted.
　　 My wallet was stolen a week ago.
　　 The book has been translated intomany languages.
　　 This work should be done as soonas possible.
　　被动语态句子的译法：
　　1.译成汉语的"被"字句
　　At its best, daydreaming wasconsidered a compensatory substitute for the real things in life.
　　白日梦最好的理解是被认为对生活中真实事情的一种补偿性的替代。
　　2.译成汉语的"把"字句，或者"由"、"让"、"使"、"叫"等等。
　　The work should be finished assoon as possible. 应尽快把工作完成。
　　3.译成汉语的"是...的"结构
　　Resistance is measured in Ohms. 电阻是以欧姆度量的。
　　4.译成汉语的无主语句
　　A rare element was found lastyear. 去年发现了一种稀有元素。