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语 法 语 序
一、语 序
主语用S表示,谓语用V表示;如果谓语动词为不及物动词,则用vi表示;
如果谓语为系动词(link),则后面跟表语,用C表示;如果谓语动词为及物动词,
则用vt表示,后面要跟宾语,用O表示。
(一)主语和谓语的位置 P.126
1.自然语序 主语+ 谓语 + 宾语或表语或状语
2.倒装语序(部分倒装、全部倒装)
There are some books on the table.
Do you have a book?
Have you ever seen the film?
(1)语法结构引起的倒装
a.由there, now, thus, then引起的某些句子。
b.由so, neither, nor 引出,表示前面所说的情况同样也适用于另一人或物的肯定句或
否定句。
c.省略了if 的虚拟条件句。
d.在某些让步
状语从句中。
e.在某些表示祝愿的句子中。
f.以never, little, not only,not until, hardly,scarcely, only 等表示否定或基本否定的词引出的句子中。
(2)为了表达效果修辞引起的倒装
(二)宾语的位置 P.130
a.宾语在多数情况下紧跟在谓语动词后面。如果有两个宾语,
间接宾语通常放在直接宾语的前面。
b.当谓语动词加副词构成的
短语动词(如: give up, carry on 等)担任时,如果宾语较短,特别是当宾语是代词时,一般插在
短语动词之间。
c.在下列情况下宾语通常放在主语前面。
在特殊
疑问句中,当宾语是由疑问词表示或修饰时。
在感叹句中,当宾语是由what 等词修饰时。
在从句中,当宾语由一个连接代词或关系代词表示或修饰时。
(三)定语的位置 P.132
定语有时放在它所修饰的词的前面,有时放在后面。
a.当定语由一个
形容词或分词担任时,通常放在它所修饰的词的前面。
b.当定语由短语或从句担任时,一般放在它所修饰的词的后面。
c.当一个词由多个定语修饰时,要注意他们后面的前后顺序。
(四)状语的位置 P.134
a.修饰动词的状语多数放在这个动词的后面;如果这个动词带有宾语,状语就放在这个宾语的后面,若宾语较长,而状语较短,一般就把状语放在宾语的前面。
b.当一个动词同时由时间状语荷地点状语修饰时,时间状语一般放在地点状语之后
c.如果一个动词带有两个时间状语或地点状语,代表较小单位的状语通常放在前面
d.较长的状语一般放在较短的状语之后。
e.有时状语可插在主语和谓语之间。
二、分词独立结构(多用于书面语,分词在句中作时间、条件、伴随、原因状语)
1.分词隐含的逻辑主语与句子主语一致
When
waiting for the bus , we hada long talk .
Hearing the news , they all jumpedwith joy .
If translated word by word , thesentence will be meaningless.
2.分词隐含的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致(独立结构)
The holidays being over, theybegan to do their work again .
Her body, with hands and feetbound, was discovered by a hiker on March 17.
with+名词+过去分词
三、练 习
(一)单词、词组英译汉
musician rhythmic distinctconsciousness
originatereadilyinstrument electronic
thereby passiveparticipant
to take place to take over to take on in a sense
at a stretch to serve as in advance for the sake of
(二)英译汉
1.The new music was built out ofmaterials already in existence.
2.Folk music, old and modern, waspopular among college students.
3.They
freely took over elements formjazz, from American country music.
4.With records at home, listeners imitatedthese
lighting effects as best they could.
5.In a sense, men of this kindbegin not so much with a
musical theme as with a completed
composition.
6.Most composers since Beethoven'sday belong to this second type.
7.Men like Palestrina and Bach belongin this category.
(三)汉译英
这一章是关于热能转化成动力的。
The chapter is about thetransformation of heat into power.
一群人自发地聚集在事故现场。
A group of people got togetherspontaneously at the scene of the accident.
这次争吵是由误会引起的。
The quarrel
originated from a misunderstanding.
1949年后,军队接管了这个城市。
The army took over this city after1949.
为了你的健康,你不应该承担太繁重的工作。
For your health,you should avoid
taking on too much work.
(四)历年考题
1.In the process of
composition , it isn't easy to be inspired in a spontaneousway for long periods _____ a stretch..
A. at
B. for
C. over
D. in
答案是A。
考点:词组 at a stretch 一口气,连续不断的
2.
汉译英 新音乐是由业已存在的材料构建出来的。
The new music was built out ofmaterials already in existence.
3.汉译英:那时在大学生中流行的正是民间音乐。
It was folk music that was popularamong college students at that time.
4.汉译英:不用说我们现在已不是生活在传统社会。
It goes without
saying that we arenot living in a
traditional society.