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Text B　Worlds within Worlds
New Words
　　1.planet n.行星
　　2.revolve vi.旋转；绕转
　　3.solar a.太阳的，日光的；利用太阳光的
　　4.largely ad.1.大量地；2.主要地
　　5.glitter vi.闪闪发光，闪烁
　　n.闪光
　　6.cloudless a.无云的，晴朗的
　　7.unlikely a.未必可能的；靠不住的
　　8.astronaut n.宇航员
　　9.thrilling a.1.令人激动的；2.颤动的，震颤的
　　10.outer a.外部的
　　11.whereas conj.而，却；反之
　　12.lesser a.较小的，更少的，次要的
　　13.concerned a.1.有关的；2.关切的，担心的
　　14.microscopic a.1.显微镜的；2.微观的；3.微小的，细微的
　　15.whilst conj.1.当...时；2.然而；3.虽然，尽管
　　16.plateau ([复]plateaus或plateaux) n.高原
　　17.tropical a.1.热带的；2.炎热的
　　18.coloured a.有色的
　　19.religion n.宗教；宗教信仰
　　20.circumstance n.[pl.]情况，环境；境遇
　　Phrases and Expressions
　　1.a great many 很多
　　2.above all 首先，首要
　　3.as a rule 通常；一般说来
　　together with 和
　　First of all let us consider theearth (that is to say, the world) as a planet revolving round the sun.The earth is one of nine planets which move in orbitround the sun.These nine planets, together with thesun, make up what is called our solar systems.Howthis wonderful system started and what kept it working with such wonderfulaccuracy is largely a mystery but astronomers tell us that it is only one ofmillions of similar systems in space, and one of the smallest.
　　The stars which we see glitteringin the sky on a dark and cloudless night are almost certainly the suns of othersolar systems more of less like our own, but they are so far away in space thatit is unlikely that we shall ever get to know very much about them.About our own solar system, however, we are learningmore every day.
　　Before the American and Russianastronauts made their thrilling journeys into outer space it was difficult forus to realize what our earth looked like from hundreds of thousands of milesaway, but the photographs which the astronauts were able to take show us theearth in space looking not very different from what the moon looks like when welook at it from the earth.The earth is, however, verydifferent from the moon, which the American astronauts have found to be withoutlife or vegetation, whereas our earth is very much alive in every respect.The moon, by the way, is called a satellite becauseit goes round our earth as well as round the sun.Inour words, it goes round the sun with our earth.
　　The surface of our earth iscovered by masses of land and larger areas of water.Letus consider the water areas first.The total waterarea is about three times as large as the land area.Thevery large separate areas of water are called "oceans" and the lesserareas are called "seas."
　　In most of the oceans and seassome of the water is found to be flowing in a particular direction ―thatis to say, from one part towards another part of the ocean or sea concerned.The water which is flowing in this manner is saidto be moving as a "current." There are many thousands of currents inthe waters of the oceans and seas, but only certain of the stronger and bettermarked currents are specially named and of great importance.Therecurrents are important because they affect the climate of the land areas closeto where they flow and also because they carry large quantities of microscopicanimal and vegetable life which forms a large part of the food for fishes.
　　The nature and characteristics ofthe surface of the land areas of the earth vary a great deal from area to areaand from place to place.The surface of some areasconsists largely of high mountains and deep valleys whilst, in other areas,most of the surface consists of plains.If one made ajourney over the Continents one world find every kind of surface includingmountain ranges, plains, plateaux, deserts, tropicalforestlands and empty areas covered permanently by ice and snow.
　　When thinking and learning aboutthe world we should not forget that our world is the home of a vary great manydifferent people ― peoples with different colouredskins, living very different lives and having very different ideas about agreat many important things such as religion, government, education and social behaviour.
　　The circumstances under whichdifferent people live make a great difference between the way in which theylive and the way in which we live, and it ought to be our business to try tounderstand those different circumstances so that we can better understandpeople of other lands.Above all, we should avoiddeciding what we think about people different from ourselves without first havinglearned a great deal about them and the kind of lives they have to live.It is true to say that the more we learn about otherpeople , the better we understand their ideas and, as a rule, the better welike those people themselves.
　　词汇讲解：
　　1.revolve v.旋转，绕转
　　The earth revolves round / aroundthe sun.地球绕着太阳转。
　　2.solar adj.太阳的，日光的，利用太阳光的 例：the solar system 太阳系
　　3.whereas : conj.而，却，反之
　　He must be about sixty, whereashis wife looks about thirty.他一定有60岁了，而他的妻子看起来只有30岁。
　　You eat a massive plate of foodfor lunch, whereas I have just a sandwich.你中午吃了一大盘食物，而我只吃了个三明治。
　　4.concerned : 有关的，关心的，担心的
　　I was quite a shock for allconcerned.这对所有有关人士都是一个震惊。
　　Her job is something concernedwith English.她的工作和英语有关。
　　5.tropical adj.热带的，炎热的
　　I'd love to live somewhere with atropicalclimate.
　　我想生活在某个属于热带气候的地方
　　August was almost tropical thisyear.今年八月十分炎热
　　6.circumstance n.环境，情况，境遇
　　We can't decide until we know allthe circumstances.
　　我们只有在了解所有的情况后才能作出决定。
　　词组
　　1.a great many , a good many 很多 （ 后边加可数名词）
　　2.above all : 最重要的，尤其；首先
　　Above all , don't forget to write.最重要的是别忘了写信。
　　In choosing the curtain for aroom, you should consider the material from the point of view of texture, itsweight, its pattern - but its colour above all .在挑选房间窗帘面料时，你应该考虑质地、重量和图案等，但最重要的是颜色。
　　3.as a rule : 在多数情况下，通常，一般而言 = usually
　　As a rule I'm home by six.我通常六点前在家。
　　As a rule, I only read detectivenovels.通常我只读侦探小说。
　　4.together with : 和，连同
　　These new facts, together with theother evidence, prove the prisoner's innocence.这些新的事实连同其他证据证明这个犯人清白无辜。
　　John, together with his brother,has gone to the party.约翰连同他的兄弟一起去参加宴会了。
　　注意together with 作插入语时，句子的谓语动词的数取决于前面的主语。
　　重点句子：
　　1.The stars which we seeglittering in the sky on a dark and cloudless night are almost certainly the sunsof other solar systems more or less like our own, but they are so far away inspace that it is unlikely that we shall ever get to know very much about them.
　　which 引导定语从句
　　so... that...结果状语从句中it为形式主语
　　2.The earth is, however, verydifferent from the moon, which the American astronauts have found to be withoutlife or vegetation, whereas our earth is very much alive in every respect.
　　which引导非限定性定语从句，修饰the moon
　　vegetation 植物
　　whereas = while 然而
　　alive意为"有活力的"，在句中作表语。类似的形容词还有afraid, alone, alike, asleep,awake, aware等
　　in every respect 在每一个方面
　　3.In most of the oceans and seassome of the water is found to be flowing in a particular direction － that is to say, from one part towardsanother part of the ocean or sea concerned.
　　to be flowing不定式作主语补语
　　concerned 是分词作定语，修饰the ocean or sea
　　4.There are many thousands ofcurrents in the waters of the oceans and seas ,but only certain of the strongerand better marked currents are specially named and of great importance.
　　Thousands/hundreds of + 名词复数
　　Eg.Hundreds of meters
　　此处waters指的是"大片的水，水域"
　　peoples 表示人种
　　woods 表示森林，树木
　　5.The circumstances under whichdifferent people live make a great difference between the way in which theylive and the way in which we live, and it ought to be our business to try tounderstand those different circumstances so that we can better understandpeople of other lands.
　　三个定语从句，由under which 和 两个in which 引导，
　　第一个：under which different people live 修饰 circumstances
　　第二个：in which they live 修饰 the way
　　第三个：in which we live 修饰 the way
　　ought to = should 应该
　　business 责任，业务
　　it是形式主语，真正主语是to try to understand thosedifferent circumstances
　　目的状语从句，由so that引导
　　other lands 其它国家
　　6.Above all, we should avoiddeciding what we think about people different from ourselves without firsthaving learned a great deal about them and the kind of lives they have to live.
　　注意动词 avoid 后接动名词作宾语
　　decide 判定
　　what 引导宾语从句作deciding的宾语
　　they have to live 是省略连词的定语从句，修饰lives
　　7.It is true to say that the morewe learn about other people, the better we understand their ideas and, as arule, the better we like those people themselves.
　　注意 the more ..., thebetter..., the better ... 比较结构
　　Unit 2 补充语法知识
　　that 与 which引导定语从句的异同点 :
　　that不可引导非限制性定语从句 which可引导非限制性定语从句
　　that 不可用作介词宾语 which可用作介词宾语 介词+ which
　　in that "在于"， 是复合连词，非介词宾语
　　that 可以用于指代人或物 which不可以用于指代人
　　当先行词是不定代词、序数词、形容词最高级所修饰的词时，只能用that而不能用which引导定语从句
　　比如everything, anything, first,second等
　　Unit 2 练习：
　　1.词汇英译汉：
　　escape, explode, collapse, shrink,gravity, measurement, basis, launch, convincing, companion,
　　speculation, swallow, operate, tomake use of, a great many, above all
　　2.句子英译汉：
　　1) Astronomers and scientiststhink that a black hole is a region of space into which matter has fallen andfrom which nothing can escape.
　　2) The theory is that some starsexplode when their density increases to a particular point.
　　3) Some people think that theStart of Bethlehem could have been a supernova.
　　4) If a man fell into a blackhole, he would think that he reached the center of it very quickly.
　　5) It is only recently thatastronomers have begun specificresearch into black holes.
　　6) On the other hand, scientistshave suggested that every advanced technology could one day make use of theenergy of black holes for mankind.
　　7) There might be a massive blackhole at the center of our galaxy swallowing up stars at a very rapid rate.
　　8) They show us a world whichoperates in a totally different way from our own and they question our mostbasic experience of space and time.
　　3 句子汉译英
　　黑洞是什么，天文学家还没有完全解决这个问题。
　　Astronomers have not yet fullysolved the problem of what a black hole is.
　　据说黑洞可以将其周围的一切物体，如星星吞食掉。
　　It is said that black holes areable to swallow up all the objects around them, such as stars .
　　对黑洞的研究刚刚开始，各种各样的假说层出不穷。
　　The research of black holes isjust beginning and speculation about them are endless.
　　科学家仍不能说出黑洞内发生了什么。
　　Scientists still can not tell whathappens inside a black hole.
　　It is still impossible forscientists to tell what happens inside a black hole.
　　如果我们认识了黑洞，黑洞就不那么可怕了。
　　If we understood black holes, theywould not be so fearful .
　　Black holes will not be so fearfulif we get to know them.
　　历年考题：
　　1.Astronomers and scientists thinkthat a black hole is a region of space ______ which matter has fallen and______ which nothing can escape.
　　A.towards ... towards B.into ... from C.out of... from D.through... from
　　答案是B.考点：定语从句中介词+which 的结构；fall into 掉进去； escape from 从... 逃离。
　　2.汉译英：要说出黑洞里面发生了什么是不可能的。（不定式作主语）
　　答案：It is impossible to say whathappens inside the black hole.
　　3.汉译英： 只是在最近天文学家才开始对黑洞进行具体研究。（强调句型）
　　答案：It is only recently thatastronomers have begun specificresearch into black holes.
　　4.汉译英: 有些星辰的密度达到某一点就会爆炸。
　　答案：Some stars explode when theirdensity increases to a certain point .
　　Unit 2 单元课后练习
　　Ⅰ.Word Spelling
　　1.密度 n.d _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
　　2.（使）倒塌，（使）崩溃 v.c _ __ _ _ _ _ _
　　3.边界线，边界 n.b _ __ _ _ _ _ _
　　4.永恒的，经久不变的 a.c _ __ _ _ _ _ _
　　5.基础，根据 n.b _ __ _ _ _ _ _
　　6.发射，发动 v.l _ __ _ _ _ _ _