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1.本句中，as of no value or importance 在if 从句中作主语补足语, as 在这里是介词，解释为"作为…""be ignored bysociety as …"被社会作为毫无价值或无关紧要的东西而忽视。
句中有两个what 引导的从句，第一个是宾语从句作do 的宾语，第二个是主语从句，谓语是is ignored。
if后面跟了主语从句
译文：如果社会强迫他去做自己不乐意做的事；或者社会无视他自己喜欢做的事，将其当作没有价值或无关紧要的，他就不可能真正快乐。
2.句子的基本部分是：In a society… thesign… is that he is paid money to do it, but …；where slavery …abolished 是定语从句修饰society；that what a man does is of social value 是the sign的同位语从句，其中又套有一个主语从句what a man does；that he is paid money to do it是表语从句；but 引导的是一个并列句。
译文：在一个严格意义上讲已经废除奴隶制的社会里，一个人所做的事具有社会价值的标志就是他为此得到了报酬，但实际上我们可以把今天的劳作者称为薪水奴隶。
3.本句中society offers him 是省去了连接词that 的定语从句，
修饰the job；by the necessity of doing sth.由于干某事的必要性。
译文："如果一个人对社会给予的工作毫无兴趣，只是为了生计和养家糊口而被迫接受这份工作，那他就是一名劳作者。
The antithesis to labor is play.When we play a game, we enjoy what we are doing, otherwise we should not playit, but it is a purely private activity; society could not care less whether weplay it or not.
could not careless＝as little as possible
you can't be more careless.你太不细心了
Between labor and play standswork.（4）A man is a worker if he is personally interested in the job whichsociety pays him to do; what from the point of view ofsociety is necessary labor is from his own point of view voluntary play. （5）Whether a job is to be classified as labor or work depends, not on thejob itself, but on the tastes of the individual who undertakes it. （6）The difference does not, for example, coincide with the differencebetween a manual and a mental job; a gardener or acobbler may be a worker, a bank clerk a laborer. Which a man is can be seenfrom his attitude toward leisure. To a worker, leisure means simply the hourshe needs to relax and rest in order to work efficiently. He is therefore morelikely to take too little leisure than too much;（7） workers die of coronaries andforget their wives' birthdays. To the laborer, on the other hand, leisure meansfreedom from compulsion, so that it is natural for him to imagine that thefewer hours he has to spend laboring, and the more hours he is free to play,the better.（8）
4.Between labor and play standswork. 介于劳作和娱乐之间的是工作。
这是一个全部倒装句，因为前两段分别介绍了labor 和 play ，下一段将介绍 work, 所以将labor and play 提前，起到承上启下的修饰效果。
5.what 引导的是主语从句，两个from the point of view 皆为状语。谓语动词是第二个is 。表语是voluntary.
本句意思："从社会观点来看是必要的劳动，从他个人观点来看则成了自愿娱乐。"
6.Whether a job is to beclassified as labor or work 是主语从句，注意其中谓语is to be 表示"应该"。depends, not on … but on …"不取决于…而取决于…"
译为：一件工作被归类为劳作还是工作，不取决于工作本身，而取决于从事这项工作的人的兴趣。
his vocation
coincides with
his avocation
to a worker
to the laborer
7.He is therefore more likely totake too little leisure than too much; 这是对同一个人不同方面的比较。译为："因此他的休闲时间可能太少而不是太多。"
8.die of 死于……
die of 死于自然原因
die from 死于非自然原因
so that在句中引导结果状语从句。"thefewer… the more … the better "是一个比较结构，表示"越…就越…"。The better 后面省略了it is .
译为：另一方面，对劳动者来说，闲暇意味着从强迫劳动中摆脱出来的自由，因此很自然地他会想象自己被迫劳动的时间越短，自由娱乐的时间越长就越好。
What percentage of the populationin a modern technological society are, like myself, in the fortunate positionof being workers?（9）At a guess 1 would say sixteen per cent, and I do not think that figureis likely to get bigger in the future.
9.percentage 作单数还是复数取决于它所代表的名词是可数的还是不可数的。一般说来population 作"人口"解时，是总称，为集合名词，一般作不可数名词用，但这里由于percentage 与后面的workers 有直接呼应关系，从意义一致的角度看，谓语动词用了are而没有从语法一致的角度用is。
译为：在现代技术社会里，有百分之几的人能像我一样处在工作者的幸运位置上呢？
Technology and the division oflabor have done two things; by eliminating in many fields the need for specialstrength or skill, they have made a very large number of paid occupations whichformerly were enjoyable work into boring labor, and by increasing productivitythey have reduced the number of necessary laboring hours.（10）It is already possible to imagine a society in which the majority ofthe population, that is to say, its laborers, will have almost as much leisureas in earlier times was enjoyed by the aristocracy. （11）When one recalls how aristocracies in the past actually behaved, theprospect is not cheerful. Indeed, the problem of dealing with boredom may beeven more difficult for such a future mass society than it was foraristocracies.（12）The latter, for example, ritualized theirtime; there was a season to shoot grouse, a season to spend in town, etc. Themasses are more likely to replace an unchanging ritual by fashion which it willbe in the economic interest of certain people to change as often as possible（13）Again, the masses cannot go in for hunting, for very soon there wouldbe no animals left to hunt. For other aristocratic amusements like gambling,dueling, and warfare, it may be only too easy to find equivalents in dangerousdriving, drug-taking, and senseless acts of violence.（14）Workers seldom commit acts of violence, because they can put theiraggression into their work, be it physical like the work of a smith, or mentallike the work of a scientist or an artist.（15）The role of aggression in mentalwork is aptly expressed by the phrase "getting one's teeth into aproblem."
10.句中冒号后面的句子用来解释前面的句子，它的主要结构为：by…，they have made …occupations…into…labor， and by…they have reducedthe number…。在第一个by 介词短语中， in many fields 是动名词eliminating 的状语，原应在skill之后，但因宾语部分太长，所以被提到前面，插在了动词eliminating 和它的宾语the need之间。"which formerly wereenjoyable work为定语从句，修饰occupations。
译为：技术和劳动分工完成了两件事：通过在很多领域消除了对特殊能力或技能的需求，把大量以前令人愉快的有偿工作变成了枯燥无味的劳作；通过提高生产力减少了必要的劳动时间。
11.句中in which 直至句尾为定语从句，修饰society。定语从句中又包含有一个状语从句as much leisure as in earliertimes was enjoyed by the aristocracy , 其中第二个as 引导的是带被动语态的比较状语从句。注意leisure 为状语从句的主语，所以不能再另加主语。
译为：现在人们已经可能去想象这样一个社会：其大部分人口，即劳作者，将会享有与以前贵族阶层几乎同样多的闲暇时间。
12.mass society 意为"大众社会"
确实，与当时的贵族相比，为这样一个未来的大众社会解决如何打发闲暇的问题要困难的多。
13.which 引导的定语从句修饰fashion ， 从句中it 是形式主语，真正主语是后面的不定式to change。 " change"的宾语是which ,即fashion。
本句译为："老百姓更可能用时尚取代千篇一律的程式，而尽可能地经常改变时尚是符合某些人的经济利益的。"
14.onlytoo easy to do sth. "非常容易做某事"
too… to … 一般作?quot;太…以致不能…"讲，但是加上only, but, all 等词后则为"非常…做某事"。例如：我非常愿意和你一起工作。 I'm only too pleased to work withyou.
He was only too glad to help you.
He was too busy to help you.
译为：对其他的贵族娱乐如赌博、决斗和打仗，要找一些与其对等的消遣方式实在是很容易的如危险驾驶、吸毒和无意义的暴力行为。
15.be it physical like the work ofa smith, or mental like the work of a scientist or an artist 为虚拟式让步状语从句，等价于：whether it is physical like thework of a smith, or it is mental like the work of a scientist or an artist.
译为：工作者很少有暴力行为，因为他们会把自己的进取精神都投入到工作中去，不管是像铁匠那样的体力工作还是像科学家或艺术家那样的脑力工作，都是如此。
句中有两个what 引导的从句，第一个是宾语从句作do 的宾语，第二个是主语从句，谓语是is ignored。
if后面跟了主语从句
译文：如果社会强迫他去做自己不乐意做的事；或者社会无视他自己喜欢做的事，将其当作没有价值或无关紧要的，他就不可能真正快乐。
2.句子的基本部分是：In a society… thesign… is that he is paid money to do it, but …；where slavery …abolished 是定语从句修饰society；that what a man does is of social value 是the sign的同位语从句，其中又套有一个主语从句what a man does；that he is paid money to do it是表语从句；but 引导的是一个并列句。
译文：在一个严格意义上讲已经废除奴隶制的社会里，一个人所做的事具有社会价值的标志就是他为此得到了报酬，但实际上我们可以把今天的劳作者称为薪水奴隶。
3.本句中society offers him 是省去了连接词that 的定语从句，
修饰the job；by the necessity of doing sth.由于干某事的必要性。
译文："如果一个人对社会给予的工作毫无兴趣，只是为了生计和养家糊口而被迫接受这份工作，那他就是一名劳作者。
The antithesis to labor is play.When we play a game, we enjoy what we are doing, otherwise we should not playit, but it is a purely private activity; society could not care less whether weplay it or not.
could not careless＝as little as possible
you can't be more careless.你太不细心了
Between labor and play standswork.（4）A man is a worker if he is personally interested in the job whichsociety pays him to do; what from the point of view ofsociety is necessary labor is from his own point of view voluntary play. （5）Whether a job is to be classified as labor or work depends, not on thejob itself, but on the tastes of the individual who undertakes it. （6）The difference does not, for example, coincide with the differencebetween a manual and a mental job; a gardener or acobbler may be a worker, a bank clerk a laborer. Which a man is can be seenfrom his attitude toward leisure. To a worker, leisure means simply the hourshe needs to relax and rest in order to work efficiently. He is therefore morelikely to take too little leisure than too much;（7） workers die of coronaries andforget their wives' birthdays. To the laborer, on the other hand, leisure meansfreedom from compulsion, so that it is natural for him to imagine that thefewer hours he has to spend laboring, and the more hours he is free to play,the better.（8）
4.Between labor and play standswork. 介于劳作和娱乐之间的是工作。
这是一个全部倒装句，因为前两段分别介绍了labor 和 play ，下一段将介绍 work, 所以将labor and play 提前，起到承上启下的修饰效果。
5.what 引导的是主语从句，两个from the point of view 皆为状语。谓语动词是第二个is 。表语是voluntary.
本句意思："从社会观点来看是必要的劳动，从他个人观点来看则成了自愿娱乐。"
6.Whether a job is to beclassified as labor or work 是主语从句，注意其中谓语is to be 表示"应该"。depends, not on … but on …"不取决于…而取决于…"
译为：一件工作被归类为劳作还是工作，不取决于工作本身，而取决于从事这项工作的人的兴趣。
his vocation
coincides with
his avocation
to a worker
to the laborer
7.He is therefore more likely totake too little leisure than too much; 这是对同一个人不同方面的比较。译为："因此他的休闲时间可能太少而不是太多。"
8.die of 死于……
die of 死于自然原因
die from 死于非自然原因
so that在句中引导结果状语从句。"thefewer… the more … the better "是一个比较结构，表示"越…就越…"。The better 后面省略了it is .
译为：另一方面，对劳动者来说，闲暇意味着从强迫劳动中摆脱出来的自由，因此很自然地他会想象自己被迫劳动的时间越短，自由娱乐的时间越长就越好。
What percentage of the populationin a modern technological society are, like myself, in the fortunate positionof being workers?（9）At a guess 1 would say sixteen per cent, and I do not think that figureis likely to get bigger in the future.
9.percentage 作单数还是复数取决于它所代表的名词是可数的还是不可数的。一般说来population 作"人口"解时，是总称，为集合名词，一般作不可数名词用，但这里由于percentage 与后面的workers 有直接呼应关系，从意义一致的角度看，谓语动词用了are而没有从语法一致的角度用is。
译为：在现代技术社会里，有百分之几的人能像我一样处在工作者的幸运位置上呢？
Technology and the division oflabor have done two things; by eliminating in many fields the need for specialstrength or skill, they have made a very large number of paid occupations whichformerly were enjoyable work into boring labor, and by increasing productivitythey have reduced the number of necessary laboring hours.（10）It is already possible to imagine a society in which the majority ofthe population, that is to say, its laborers, will have almost as much leisureas in earlier times was enjoyed by the aristocracy. （11）When one recalls how aristocracies in the past actually behaved, theprospect is not cheerful. Indeed, the problem of dealing with boredom may beeven more difficult for such a future mass society than it was foraristocracies.（12）The latter, for example, ritualized theirtime; there was a season to shoot grouse, a season to spend in town, etc. Themasses are more likely to replace an unchanging ritual by fashion which it willbe in the economic interest of certain people to change as often as possible（13）Again, the masses cannot go in for hunting, for very soon there wouldbe no animals left to hunt. For other aristocratic amusements like gambling,dueling, and warfare, it may be only too easy to find equivalents in dangerousdriving, drug-taking, and senseless acts of violence.（14）Workers seldom commit acts of violence, because they can put theiraggression into their work, be it physical like the work of a smith, or mentallike the work of a scientist or an artist.（15）The role of aggression in mentalwork is aptly expressed by the phrase "getting one's teeth into aproblem."
10.句中冒号后面的句子用来解释前面的句子，它的主要结构为：by…，they have made …occupations…into…labor， and by…they have reducedthe number…。在第一个by 介词短语中， in many fields 是动名词eliminating 的状语，原应在skill之后，但因宾语部分太长，所以被提到前面，插在了动词eliminating 和它的宾语the need之间。"which formerly wereenjoyable work为定语从句，修饰occupations。
译为：技术和劳动分工完成了两件事：通过在很多领域消除了对特殊能力或技能的需求，把大量以前令人愉快的有偿工作变成了枯燥无味的劳作；通过提高生产力减少了必要的劳动时间。
11.句中in which 直至句尾为定语从句，修饰society。定语从句中又包含有一个状语从句as much leisure as in earliertimes was enjoyed by the aristocracy , 其中第二个as 引导的是带被动语态的比较状语从句。注意leisure 为状语从句的主语，所以不能再另加主语。
译为：现在人们已经可能去想象这样一个社会：其大部分人口，即劳作者，将会享有与以前贵族阶层几乎同样多的闲暇时间。
12.mass society 意为"大众社会"
确实，与当时的贵族相比，为这样一个未来的大众社会解决如何打发闲暇的问题要困难的多。
13.which 引导的定语从句修饰fashion ， 从句中it 是形式主语，真正主语是后面的不定式to change。 " change"的宾语是which ,即fashion。
本句译为："老百姓更可能用时尚取代千篇一律的程式，而尽可能地经常改变时尚是符合某些人的经济利益的。"
14.onlytoo easy to do sth. "非常容易做某事"
too… to … 一般作?quot;太…以致不能…"讲，但是加上only, but, all 等词后则为"非常…做某事"。例如：我非常愿意和你一起工作。 I'm only too pleased to work withyou.
He was only too glad to help you.
He was too busy to help you.
译为：对其他的贵族娱乐如赌博、决斗和打仗，要找一些与其对等的消遣方式实在是很容易的如危险驾驶、吸毒和无意义的暴力行为。
15.be it physical like the work ofa smith, or mental like the work of a scientist or an artist 为虚拟式让步状语从句，等价于：whether it is physical like thework of a smith, or it is mental like the work of a scientist or an artist.
译为：工作者很少有暴力行为，因为他们会把自己的进取精神都投入到工作中去，不管是像铁匠那样的体力工作还是像科学家或艺术家那样的脑力工作，都是如此。
- essential [i´senʃəl]
a.必需的 n.要素，要点 (初中英语单词) - percentage [pə´sentidʒ] n.百分数；比例；部分 (初中英语单词)
- reform [ri´fɔ:m] v.&n.改革；改良；革除 (初中英语单词)
- program [´prəugræm] n.说明v.为…安排节目 (初中英语单词)
- poverty [´pɔvəti] n.贫穷(乏，瘠)；不足 (初中英语单词)
- career [kə´riə] n.经历；生涯；职业 (初中英语单词)
- secondary [´sekəndəri, -deri] a.第二的；次要的 (初中英语单词)
- slavery [´sleivəri] n.奴隶制；奴役 (初中英语单词)
- otherwise [´ʌðəwaiz] ad.另外 conj.否则 (初中英语单词)
- purely [´pjuəli] ad.仅仅；简单地 (初中英语单词)
- worker [´wə:kə] n.工人；劳动者；工作者 (初中英语单词)
- mental [´mentl] a.精神的；心理的 (初中英语单词)
- therefore [´ðeəfɔ:] ad.&conj.因此；所以 (初中英语单词)
- fortunate [´fɔ:tʃənət] a.幸运的，侥幸的 (初中英语单词)
- actually [´æktʃuəli] ad.事实上；实际上 (初中英语单词)
- cheerful [´tʃiəful] a.快乐的；高兴的 (初中英语单词)
- replace [ri´pleis] vt.放回；复置；取代 (初中英语单词)
- commit [kə´mit] vt.犯(罪)；把…判处 (初中英语单词)
- violence [´vaiələns] n.猛烈；暴力(行) (初中英语单词)
- physical [´fizikəl] a.物质的；有形的 (初中英语单词)
- phrase [freiz] n.短语；词组；措词 (初中英语单词)
- formerly [´fɔ:məli] ad.从前，以前 (初中英语单词)
- coincide [,kəuin´said] vi.一致；重合 (高中英语单词)
- eliminate [i´limineit] vt.消除；淘汰 (高中英语单词)
- strict [strikt] a.严厉的；精确的 (高中英语单词)
- define [di´fain] vt.解释；说明；限定 (高中英语单词)
- laborer [´leibərə] (=labourer) n.工人 (高中英语单词)
- personally [´pə:sənəli] ad.亲自；就个人来说 (高中英语单词)
- gardener [´gɑ:dnə] n.园艺家；园林工人 (高中英语单词)
- leisure [´leʒə] n.空闲；悠闲；安定 (高中英语单词)
- dealing [´di:liŋ] n.交易；来往 (高中英语单词)
- warfare [´wɔ:feə] n.战争；斗争；竞争 (高中英语单词)
- scientist [´saiəntist] n.(自然)科学家 (高中英语单词)
- rightly [´raitli] ad.正义地；正确地 (英语四级单词)
- voluntary [´vɔləntəri] a.自愿的；义务的 (英语四级单词)
- undertook [,ʌndə´tuk] undertake的过去式 (英语四级单词)
- reluctantly [ri´lʌktəntli] a.不情愿地；勉强地 (英语四级单词)
- manual [´mænjuəl] a.用手(操作)的 n.手册 (英语四级单词)
- aristocracy [,æris´tɔkrəsi] n.贵族政治；贵族 (英语四级单词)
- grouse [graus] n.松鸡 vi.&n.抱怨 (英语四级单词)
- aristocratic [,æristə´krætik] a.贵族政治的；贵族的 (英语四级单词)
- senseless [´sensləs] a.无知觉的；愚蠢的 (英语四级单词)
- overseas [,əuvə´si:z] ad.(向)海外 a.海外的 (英语六级单词)
- secondly [´sekəndli] a.第二(点)；其次 (英语六级单词)
- efficiently [i´fiʃəntli] ad.有效地；能胜任地 (英语六级单词)
- compulsion [kəm´pʌlʃ(ə)n] n.强制；强迫 (英语六级单词)
- ritual [´ritʃuəl] n.典礼；礼节 a.典礼的 (英语六级单词)
- hunting [´hʌntiŋ] n.打猎 (英语六级单词)
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