Unit 1(第 1-----2 讲)
Text A
What Is a Decision?
第一段：
1. A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available.
made 是过去分词， choice 的定语， 作 可改为定语从句 which / that is made ...， from among 是双重介词结构， 除 from 以外，还有 until、but、except 后面可再跟介词短语。
2. The purpose of making a decision is to establish and achieve organizational goals and objectives.
该句中 to establish and achieve ...是不定式短语，充当句子表语成分。
3. The reason for making a decision is that a problem exists, goals or objectives are wrong, or something is standing in the way of accomplishing them.
句中介词 for 与前面名词 reason 搭配，表示"...的理由"。另外，当 reason 充当句子主语时，该句表语从句必 须以 that 引导。句中 in the way 意为"妨碍、阻碍"，way 的搭配还有 on the way（在...的路上） 、by the way（顺便 问一下、顺便说一句） 。 第二段：
1. Thus the decision-making process is fundamental to management.
该句中 be fundamental to 意为 be important to
2. Almost everything a manager does involves decisions, indeed, some suggest that the management process is decision making.
该句第一分句的主谓结构是 everything involves decisions，everything 是主语，故谓语必须有"s"标记。句中 a manager does 为定语从句，前面省略了关系代词 that。此处切不可使用 which。第二分句中 suggest 意为"提出、 认为"。若表示"建议"，其宾语从句则必须使用虚拟语气，动词为：(should) do 型。
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Unit 1(第 1-----2 讲)
3. Although managers cannot predict future, many of their decisions require that they consider possible future events.
该句中 require 意为"要求"，其宾语从句中也必须使用虚拟语气，动词为：(should) do 型。
4. Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance, but since uncertainty is always there, risk accompanies decisions.
句中 make a guess at 意为"猜一猜"，注意介词 at；what 引导的是一名词性从句，作宾语；chance 在此处表 示"偶然性"。
5. Sometimes the consequences of a poor decision are slight; at other times they are serious.
该句 slight 和 serious 显然为反义词，前者意为"轻"，后者表示"严重"。 第三段：
1. Choice is the opportunity to select among alternatives.
该句名词 opportunity 后面的 to select ... 是定语成分， opportunity 与动词 select 之间没有任何逻辑主谓关 因 系，故以不定式作定语。
2. If there is no choice, there is no decision to be made.
该句中 there is no decision to be made 也可写成 there is no decision making。
3. Decision making is the process of choosing, and many decisions have a broad range of choice.
此句中 range 是名词，表示"范围"，它还可作动词，意为"在...范围内变化"，常与 from ... to...搭配。
4. For example, a student may be able to choose among a number of different courses in order to implement the decision to obtain a college degree.
a number of 表示"许多"，后接可数名词的复数形式，而 the number of 则表示"...的数量"；in order to 表示"为 了"。
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Unit 1(第 1-----2 讲)
5. For managers, every decision has constraints based on policies, procedures, laws, precedents, and the like.
based on ...在句中充当 constraints 的定语成分，可改写为定语从句 which are based on ...，be based on 意为" 以...为基础、以...为根据、建立在...基础之上"；and the like 相当于 and so on，表示"等等"。
6. These constraints exist at all levels of the organization.
该句 exist 是不及物动词。
第四段
1. Alternatives are the possible courses of action from which choices can be made.
from which ...是定语从句，修饰 courses of action，表示"可从中进行选择的可能的行动方案"。
2. If there are no alternatives, there is no choice and, therefore, no decision. 3. If no alternatives are seen, often it means that a thorough job of examining the problems has not been done.
该句意为"If you can't see any alternative, often it means that you haven't examined the problems thoroughly."
4. For example, managers sometimes treat problems in an either/or fashion; this is their way of simplifying complex problems.
比较 sometimes, some times, sometime, some time：它们分别表示"有时"、"几次"、"（将来）某个时候"、"一 段时间"。
5. But the tendency to simplify blinds them to other alternatives.
blind sb to sth 意为"使某人看不到..."。 第五段：
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Unit 1(第 1-----2 讲)
1. At the managerial level, decision making includes limiting alternatives as well as identifying them, and the range is from highly limited to practically unlimited.
本段仅一句，as well as 表示"不仅...而且..."，但和 not only ... but also ... 结构有区别，当使用 as well as 时，被强调的成分在前，而在 not only ... but also 结构中，被强调的成分在后。例如：I have studied French as well as English. = I have studied not only English but also French. 第六段：
1. Decision makers must have some way of determining which of several alternatives is best--that is, which contributes the most to the achievement of organizational goals.
some 接"单数可数名词"时，表示"某种、某个"；接"复数可数名词"时，表示"一些"。Contribute to 意思是" 促使、促进、有助于"。
2. An organizational goal is an end or a state of affairs the organization seeks to reach.
seek to do 相当于 try to do，意思是"力求做某事"；the organization seeks to reach 前面省略了 which 或 that， 是一定语从句。
3. Because individuals (and organizations) frequently have different ideas about how to attain the goals, the best choice may depend on who makes the decision.
depend on 意思是"依靠、依赖"。英语中表示"依靠、依赖"的动词有不少，而且常与 on 搭配，例如：rely on, live on, feed on, rest on, draw on 等等。who makes the decision 是宾语从句。
4. Frequently, departments or units within an organization make decisions that are good for them individually but that are less than optimal for the larger organization.
句中 decisions 有两个定语从句，都由 that 引导，but 连接两个 that 从句；less than 后接数词时表示"少于、 不到"， 而此句中 less than 后接形容词， 意思是"不太、 不那么"， 例如： than happy less （不太高兴） less than perfect ， （不太完美） 。
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Unit 1(第 1-----2 讲)
5. Called suboptimization, this is a trade-off that increases the advantages to one unit or function but decreases the advantages to another unit or function.
句首 called ...是过去分词短语，表示被动，充当状语，其逻辑主语是句子主语 this。
6. For example, the marketing manager may argue effectively for an increased advertising budget.
句首 for example 是短语，意思是"例如"，它不同于 such as，前者常接句子，后者则接名词，因为 as 是介词； argue for 意为"赞成、力主、为...作争辩"。
7. In the larger scheme of things, however, increased funding for research to improve the products might be more beneficial to the organization.
however 常作插入语，意思是"然而"；be beneficial to 表示"对...有益、对...有好处"。
第七段
1. These trade-offs occur because these are many objectives that organizations wish to attainsimultaneously.
occur 是不及物动词， 意思是 appear （出现） happen 发生）that 引导定语从句， 或 （ ； 修饰 objectives； simultaneously 意为"同时"，另有 at the same time, in the meantime, meanwhile 等短语。 2. Some of these objectives are more important than others, but the order and degree of importance often vary from person to person and from department to department.
vary from person to person 意思是"因人而异"，vary 后面可与 from ... to ...搭配，表示"在...范 围内变化、变动"；另有动词 range，后面也可与 from ... to ...搭配，但是，当 from 与 in 后面所接 名词相同时，只可用 vary。例如： Marriage customs vary from country to country.
The ages of these children range / vary from 10 to 15.
婚俗因国家而异。
这些孩子的年龄从１０岁到１５岁变化不等。
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Unit 1(第 1-----2 讲)
3. Different managers define the same problem in different terms.
in 常与 terms 搭配使用，in different terms 意思是"以不同的说法"。
4. When presented with a common case, sales managers tend to see sales problems, production managers see production problems, and so on.
when presented with...是 when 加上过去分词短语， 作时间状语， 这是 when they are presented with ...之省略； present sb with sth 和 present sth for sb 是 present 的两种常用搭配，意为"把...呈现/呈交/赠送给某人"；具有同样双 宾结构的动词还有：provide, supply, furnish；tend to do sth 意为"倾向于做某事、往往会做某事"。 第八段：
1. The ordering and importance of multiple objectives is also based, in part, on the values of the decision maker.
be based on 是固定搭配（第三段第 5 句出现过） ，意思是"以...为基础、以...为根据、建立在...基础之上"； in part（部分地）= partially = partly。
2. Such values are personal; they are hard to understand, even by the individual, because they are so dynamic and complex.
they are hard to understand 中的不定式 to understand 形式上是主动结构， 实际是被动意义。 在"主语 + be + hard / difficult / easy / simple to do"句型中， 不定式以主动形式来表示被动意义。 例如： problem is difficult to solve. 这 The 个问题难以解决。
3. In many business situations different people's values about acceptable degrees of risk and profitability cause disagreement about the correctness of decisions.
cause 意为"导致、引起"，同义的还有：bring about, lead to, result in, give birth to 等等。 第九段：
1. People often assume that a decision is an isolated phenomenon.
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Unit 1(第 1-----2 讲)
that 引导宾语从句。
2. But from a systems point of view, problems have multiple causes, and decisions have intended and unintended consequences.
point of view 意思是"观点"。
3. An organization is an ongoing entity, and a decision made today may have consequences far into the future.
made today 是过去分词短语，表示被动，修饰主语 a decision。
4. Thus the skilledmanager looks toward the future consequences of current decisions.
look toward 意为"考虑、展望"。
Text B
第一段：
Secrets of Success at an Interview
1. The subject of today's talk is interviews.
today's 为所有格形式，英语中表示"时间、距离、量度等"的无生命名词也可以有所有格形式。 第二段：
1. The key words here are preparation and confidence, which will carry you far.
which 引导非限制性定语从句，which 指代前面的名词 preparation and confidence。 第三段：
1. Do your homework first.
此处 homework 指面试之前的准备工作。 第四段：
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Unit 1(第 1-----2 讲)
1. Find out all you can about the job you are applying for and the organization you hope to work for.
find out 意思是"查明、了解、弄清楚"；all 后面有定语从句 you can about the job ... and the organization ...， 从句引导词 that 被省略；注意：all 后面若需要关系代词，该用 that，不可使用 which！另外，the job 后面也有定 语从句 you are applying for，the organization 后面的定语从句是 you hope to work for，这两个定语从句前面都省略 了 which / that； apply for 意为"申请"。 apply 的用法有： apply for（申请） apply to 、 （适用于） apply sth to sth 、 （把... 应用于...） 。 第五段：
1. Many of the employers I interviewed made the same criticism of candidates.
I interviewed 是定语从句，修饰前面的 employers。
2. "They have no idea what the day to day work of the job brings about.
what 引导的是 idea 的同位语从句；若将 have no idea 替换为 don't know，意思不变，但 what 从句则成了宾 语从句；bring about = lead to = result in = give birth to（带来、引起、导致）
3. They have vague notions of 'furthering the company's prospects' or of 'serving the community', but have never taken the trouble to find out the actual tasks they will be required to do."
take the trouble to do sth 意思是"不辞劳苦、费力、下功夫（做某事）"；find out 意思是"查明、了解、弄清楚 "(在第四段出现过)；they will be required to do 是定语从句，前面省略了 which / that，修饰 the actual tasks。 第六段：
1. Do not let this be said of you.
Do not let this be said of you. 意思是"不要让人们这样评价你。"句中 be said 是被动结构，该句可改写为：Do not let people say this of you. 其中 say sth of sb 意思是"对某人作...的评论/评价"；let 作谓语时，宾语后面的补足语 的不定式符号"to"必须省略！类似于动词 let 的用法的动词总共是 11 个：see, look at, watch, observe, notice, hear, listen to, let, have, make, feel。再如：
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Unit 1(第 1-----2 讲)
I saw him go upstairs.
He had me buy a book for him.
2. It shows an unattractive indifference to your employer and to your job.
名词 indifference 与介词 to 搭配。其形容词形式 indifferent 同样与介词 to 搭配。 第七段：
1. Take the time to put yourself into the interviewer's place.
put oneself into sb's place 意思是"设身处地替某人想想"。
2. He wants somebody who is hard-working with a pleasant personality and a real interest in the job.
who 引导的是定语从句，修饰 somebody；名词 interest 与介词 in 搭配，其形容词形式 interested 同样与介词 to 搭配。 第八段：
1. Anything that you find out about the prospectiveemployer can be used to your advantage during the interview to show that you have bothered to master some facts about the people who you hope to work for.
that you ... employer 是定语从句，修饰 anything；注意：此处关系代词不可使用 which!在以下５种情况下， 关系代词只能使用 that，而不能使用 which：
1) something, anything, everything, nothing + that 2) 最高级 + n. + that 3) 序数词 + n. + that 4) all + that
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Unit 1(第 1-----2 讲)
5) little, any, no, only, last, next + n. +that
to one's advantage 意思是"对某人有利"； show ... 是不定式短语， to 充当目的状语； bother 后面可加介词 about 或不定式 to do sth 搭配。
第九段
1. Write down (and remember) the questions you want to ask the interviewer(s) so that you are not speechless when they invite your questions.
该句是一复合句，主句为"Write down ... the interviewer(s)"，从句是"so that ... your questions"，so that 引导 的是目的状语从句；在主句结构中，宾语 the questions 后面有定语从句"you want to ask the interviewer(s)"，该从句 前面省略了 which 或 that； that 引导的从句也是复合句， so 其中 you are not speechless 是主句， when they invite your questions 是时间状语从句。
2. Make sure that holidays and pay are not the first things you ask about.
make sure that 意思是"确信、务必做到、保证"，that 后接宾语从句，you ask about 是定语从句，修饰 things， 该从句前面省略了 that，此处不可使用 which，因为 things 前面有 first（序数词）修饰。
3. If all your questions have been answered during the interview, reply: "In fact, I did have several questions, but you have already answered them all."
该句主句为祈使句 reply: "In fact, ... them all"，动词 reply 的宾语是直接引语；in fact 等于 actually，意思是" 事实上、实际上"。 第十段：
1. Do not be afraid to ask for clarification of something that has been said during the interview if you want to be sure what was implied, but do be polite.
本段仅一个句子，该句是并列句，第一分句是"Do not be ... what was implied"，第二分句是"do be polite"， 两者之间以 but 连接；第一分句是复合句，主句是"Do not be ... the interview"，if 后面引导了条件状语从句；而