Unit 3(第 6----8 讲)
Text A
Euthanasia: For and Against
第一段：
1. "We mustn't delay any longer... swallowing is difficult...and breathing, that's also difficult.
mustn't 意为"禁止、不允许"，此处表示"不可以"；not ... any longer 亦作 no longer，意思是"不再"。
2. Those muscles are weakening too... we mustn't delay and longer."
第二段：
1. These were the words of Dutchman Cees van Wendel de Joode asking his doctor to help him die.
help sb do sth 意为"帮助某人做某事"，help sb to do sth 中的 to 被省略，在美国英语比在英国英语中常见。
2. Affected with a serious disease, van Wendel was no longer able to speak clearly and he knew these was no hope of recovery and that his condition was rapidly deteriorating.
句首 affected with ...是过去分词短语，充当原因状语，be affected with 意思是"患有...的疾病"；no longer 相 当于 not ... any longer， 意思是"不再"； knew 后面有两个并列的宾语从句， he 前一从句 there was ...的引导词 that 被省略，后一从句是 that his condition was ...，在出现并列情况下，第二（第三、第四、...）从句的引导词不可 省略。 第三段：
1. Van Wendel's last three months of life before being given a final, lethal injection by his doctor were filmed and first shown on television last year in the Netherlands.
该句主语部分是 Van Wendel's last three months ...by his doctor， 其中心词是 three months， 谓语是 were filmed and shown，是被动语态；the Netherlands 即 Holland，意思是"荷兰"，"s"是该国家名称固定拼写形式，不表示复 数意义，是单数概念。
1
Unit 3(第 6----8 讲)
2. The programme has since been bought by 20 countries and each time it is shown, it starts a nationwide debate on the subject.
本句中 since 是副词，有时是介词或连词，表示"自从（...时候）以来"，用于现在完成时态；each time 引导 时间状语从句，意思是"每当...时候"；debate on ...意为"有关...的大辩论"。 第四段：
1. The Netherlands is the only country in Europe which permits euthanasia, although it is not technically legal there.
the Netherlands 即 Holland，意思是"荷兰"，"s"是该国家名称固定拼写形式，不表示复数意义，是单数概念， 所以该句谓语动词是 is。 另外， 该句可改写为： Netherlands is the only one of the European countries which permits The euthanasia, ...该结构曾在 42 页第一段第 2 句中详细解释过。
2. However, doctors who carry out euthanasia under strict guidelines introduced by the Dutch Parliament two years ago are usually not prosecuted.
该句主要结构是： doctors are not prosecuted.这是被动语态。 主语 doctors 后面有 who 引导的定语从句 who carry out ... two years ago，从句中 guidelines 后有过去分词短语 introduced by the Dutch Parliament two years ago 修饰； carry out 意思是"实施、实行、执行、进行、履行、完成"。
3. The guidelines demand that the patient is experiencing extremesuffering, that there is no chance of a cure, and that the patient has made repeated requests for euthanasia.
该句谓语动词 demand 后有三个并列的宾语从句，均由 that 引导，须注意，在并列情况下，后面的宾语从句 连词 that 均不可省略；此句中 chance 意思是"可能性"；make requests for 意思是"请求"；repeated 是过去分词，作 定语，意为"反复的"。
4. In addition to this, a second doctor must confirm that these criteria have been met and the death must be reported to the police department.
in addition to 意思是"除了"，相当于 besides，试比较：in addition （另外、此外）
2
Unit 3(第 6----8 讲)
第五段：
1. Should doctors be allowed to take the lives of others?
本句是被动语态，不定式短语 to take the lives of others 在句中充当主语补足语。
2. Dr. Wilfred van Oijen, Cees van Wendel's doctor, explains how he looks at the question:
Cees van Wendel's doctor 是 Dr. Wilfred van Oijen 的同位语成分；how he looks at the question 是宾语从句。 第六段：
1. "Well, it's not as if I'm planning to murder a crowd of people with a machine gun.
as if 意思是：好象、似乎。
2. In that case, killing is the worst thing I can imagine.
I can imagine 是定语从句，修饰 thing，关系代词 that 被省略；注意：thing 前面有最高级 the worst 修饰，所 以关系代词不可用 which。
3. But that's entirely different from my work as a doctor.
different from 意思是"和...不同"。
4. I care for people and I try to ensure that they don't suffer too much.
care for 意为"照料"；ensure 意思是"确保、保证"，后面接 that 引导的从句。试比较：assure sb of sth 或 assure sb that（使某人确信...） ，insure（保险、保障）
5. That's a very different thing."
第七段：
1. Many people, though, are totally against the practice of euthanasia.
though 在此处的用法相当于 however，意思是"然而"，作插入语；against 是介词，表示"反对"。
3
Unit 3(第 6----8 讲)
2. Dr. Andrew Ferguson, Chairman of the organisation Healthcare Opposed to Euthanasia, says that "in the vast majority of euthanasia cases, what the patient is actually asking for is something else.
Opposed to Euthanasia 是过去分词短语，修饰 Healthcare，作定语，be opposed to = oppose，意思是"反对"； ask for 意为"要求"；else 是 something 的定语，但必须后置。
3. They may want a health professional to open up communication for them with their loved ones or family--there's nearly always another question behind the question."
open up 意思是"沟通"；loved 是过去分词，修饰 ones，表示被动，their loves ones 意为"他们所爱的人"。 第八段：
1. Britain also has a strong tradition of hospices--special hospitals which care only for the dying and their special needs.
special hospitals 是 hospices 的同位语成分；care for 意为"照料"，此处可译为"护理"；the dying 表示"垂死的 人"。 英语中有"the + 形容词 / 分词"结构， 被称为名词化的形容词或分词。 例如： blind, the poor, the rich, the old, the the young, the unemployed, the wounded。
2. Cicely Saunders, President of the National Hospice Council and a founder member of the hospice movement, argues that euthanasia doesn't take into account that there are ways of caring for the dying.
take ... into account = take ... into consideration = consider 意为"考虑"。
3. She is also concerned that allowing euthanasia would undermine the need for care and consideration of a wide range of people:
be concerned that 意思是"担心"；need 表示"需求"，后面与介词 for 搭配；a wide range of 此处表示"许多"。
4. "It's very easy in society now for the elderly, the disabled and the dependent to feel that they are burdens, and therefore that they ought to opt out.
the elderly, the disabled and the dependent 意思是"老人、 残疾人和依赖于他人的人"， 这也是"the + 形容词 / 分
4
Unit 3(第 6----8 讲)
词"结构，是名词化的形容词或分词；opt out (of)意思是"决定不参加（...） 、决定（从...）退出"，此处理解为"一 死了之、从生活中消失掉"。
5. I think that anything that legally allows the shortening of life does make those people more vulnerable."
anything 后面有 that 引导的定语从句，此处 that 不可替换为 which，因为前面的先行词是 anything；does 是 助动词，加强语气之用。
第九段
P.51
1. Many find this prohibition of an individual's right to die paternalistic.
to die 是不定式，修饰 right，作定语；paternalistic（专制的、霸道的）充当宾语补足语。
2. Although they agree that life is important and should be respected, they feel that the quality of life should not be ignored.
agree 有三种结构：agree that，agree to do sth，agree with / to / on
3. Dr. van Oijen believes that people have the fundamental right to choose for themselves if they want to die:
to choose 是不定式，作 right 的定语。
4. "What those people who oppose euthanasia are telling me is that dying people haven't the right.
oppose = be opposed to 意思是"反对"。
5. And that when people are very ill, we are all afraid of their death.
And that ...是承接上文，与上一句的 that dying people haven't the right 是并列关系。
5
Unit 3(第 6----8 讲)
6. But there are situations where death is a friend.
该句中 where 是关系副词，引导定语从句，可改为 in which。
7. And in those cases, why not?"
Why not?是一简略疑问句，相当于：Why don't we let them die? 第三段：
1. But "why not?" is a question which might cause strong emotion.
cause 意思是"引起、导致"，同义的还有：bring about，lead to，result in。
2. The film showing Cees van Wendel's death was both moving and sensitive.
showing ... death 是现在分词短语，修饰 the film，作定语；moving 意思是"动人的"。
3. His doctor was clearly a family friend; his wife had only her husband's interests at heart.
have ... at heart 意思是"心里想着...、胸怀..."；interests 此处意思是"利益"。
4. Some, however, would argue that it would be dangerous to use this particular example to support the case for euthanasia.
however（然而）在句中充当插入语；would argue 和 would be 均为虚拟语气。
5. Not all patients would receive such a high level of individual care and attention.
not all 和 all not 都是部分否定。试比较：
Text B
P.62
Advantage Unfair
6
Unit 3(第 6----8 讲)
第一段：
1. According to the writer Walter Ellis, author of a book called the Oxbridge Conspiracy, Britain is still dominated by the old-boy network: it isn't what you know that matters, but who you know.
it isn't what you know that matters, but who you know. 译为：一个人懂得什么不重要，重要的是他认识谁。该
句是强调结构： is ... that ...， it 而此强调结构的强调成分是主语 not what ... but who ...， 本应为： isn't what you it know but who you know that matters.因为主语太长，所以把 but who ...置于句末，以保持句子平衡。matter = count = be important（重要） 。例如：It is not how much you read but what you read that matters. 重要的不是你读多少，而 是你读什么。
2. He claims that at Oxford and Cambridge Universities (Oxbridge for short) a few select people start on an escalator ride which, over the years, carries them to the tops of British privilege and power.
for short 意为"简称"；a few 表示"一些"，few 表示"几乎没有"；select 在此处是形容词，意思是"优等的、杰 出的、卓越的"。
3. His research revealed that the top professions all continue to be dominated, if not 90 per cent, the 60 or 65 per cent, by Oxbridge graduates.
that 引导的是 revealed 的宾语从句。 第二段：
1. And yet, says Ellis, Oxbridge graduates make up only two per cent of the total number of students who graduate from Britain's universities.
make up 意思是"构成"。
2. Other researches also seem to support his belief that Oxbridge graduates start with an unfairadvantage in the employment market.
that 引导的是 belief 的同位语从句；start with 表示"以...而开始"。
7
Unit 3(第 6----8 讲)
3. In the law, a recently published report showed that out of 26 senior judges appointed to the High Court last year, all of them went to private schools and 21 of them went to Oxbridge.
在 that 引导的宾语从句中， of 26 senior judges appointed to the High Court last year 是状语成分， out 译为"在去 年被任命到高等法院的 26 名高级法官当中"；appointed 是过去分词短语，表示被动，修饰 judges。 第三段：
1. But can this be said to amount to a conspiracy?
amount to 原义为"总共、总数为"，引申为"等于、近于、相当于、意味着、就是、构成"；to amount to ...是 不定式短语，充当主语补足语。
2. Not according to Dr. John Rae, a former headmaster of one of Britain's leading private schools, Westminster:
句首的 not 是一简略句，相当于"This cannot be said to amount to a conspiracy"；a former headmaster ...是 Dr. John Rae 的同位语成分。 第四段：
1. "I would accept that there was a bias in some key areas of British life, but that bias has now gone.
accept 可理解为"承认"；key 表示"重要"。
2. Some time ago--in the 60s and before--entry to Oxford and Cambridge was not entirely on merit.
in the 60s 表示"在 60 年代"；on merit 意思是"靠专长、靠优点"。
3. Now, there's absolutely no question in any objective observer's mind that entry to Oxford and Cambridge is fiercely competitive."
该句的 that 引导的是 question 的同位语从句。
P.63
第二段：
8
Unit 3(第 6----8 讲)