Unit 11(第 23----25 讲)
Text A
Sacrificed to Science?
P.263
第一段：
1. Professor Colin Blakemore works at Oxford University Medical School doing research into eye problems and believes that animal research has given humans many benefits:
doing research into eye problems 是现在分词短语，作伴随状语；research 后面常与 into 搭配。 第二段：
1. The use of animals has been central to the development of anaesthetics, vaccines and treatments for diabetes, cancer, developmental disorders...most of the major medical advances have been based on a background of animal research and devlopment.
be central to 相当于 be important to（对...重要） ；be based on 意思是"以...为基础、以...为根据"。 第三段：
1. There are those who think the tests are simply unnecessary. 2. The International Association Against Painful Experiments on Animals is an organization that promotes the use of alternative methods of research which do not make animals suffer.
The International Association Against Painful Experiments on Animals 是一组织名称，译为"反对用动物进行痛 苦实验国际协会"；介词 on 与前面的 experiment 搭配；which 引导定语从句，修饰 alternative methods；句末 suffer 是动词原形，因为前面有 make。
3. Their spokesman Colin Smith says:
第四段：
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Unit 11(第 23----25 讲)
1. Animals research is irrelevant to our health and it can often produce misleading results.
be relevant to / be irrelevant to 意为"与...相干 / 与...不相干"。
2. People and animals are different in their reactions to drugs and in the way their bodies work.
reaction 与 to 搭配，类似的有 react to, respond to, response to 等搭配；their bodies work 是定语从句，修饰 the way，关系副词 that 被省略。
3. We only have to look at some of the medical mistakes to see this is so.
P.264
第一段：
1. But Professor Blackmore stresses:
第二段：
1. It would be completely irresponsible and unethical to use drugs on people that had not been thoroughly tested on animals.
test on 在...身上做试验
2. The famous example of thalidomide is a case for more animal testing, not less.
not less 后面省略了 animal testing。
3. The birth defects that the drug produced were a result of inadequate testing.
that the drug produced 是定语从句，修饰 defects。
4. If thalidomide were invented today, it would never be released for human use because new tests on pregnant animals would reveal the dangers.
该句是非真实条件句，使用了虚拟语气，表示与现在事实相反。 第三段：
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Unit 11(第 23----25 讲)
1. Another organization that is developing other methods of research is FRAME.
organization 后接 that 引导的定语从句。
2. This is the Fund for the Replacement of Animals in Medical Experiments. 3. It recognizes that many experiments still have to be done on animals and is aiming for Reduction, Refinement and Replacement of animals in experiments.
experiment 后面与 on 搭配；aim for 意思是"以...为目的"。
4. In 1981, it established a research programme to improve and expand non-animal testing.
不定式短语 to improve and expand non-animal testing 是目的状语。
5. Increasingly, new technology is making it easier for us to find alternative methods of testing.
it 是形式宾语，真正宾语是 for us to find alternative methods of testing，easier 是宾语补足语。
6. Computer models can be used to simulate the way that cells work and to try to predict the toxicity of chemicals.
to simulate the way that cells work 和 to try to predict the toxicity of chemicals 是两个并列的主语补足语；that cells work 是定语从句，修饰 the way，that 是关系副词，可以替代为 in which，也可以省略。
7. Data from previous animal experiments is used to develop a computer model which will predict what will happen if you add a chemical with an unknown biological effect to a substance.
data 意为"资料、数据"，是 datum 的复数形式，但是在用作句子主语时，谓语动词常是单数；which will ... to a substance 是定语从句，修饰 a computer model，在定语从句中，predict 后接宾语从句 what will happen ... to a substance，该宾语从句中含有条件状语从句 if you add ... to a substance；add ... to ...意思是"把...添加到...中"。
8. The eventual aim of computer modeling is to reduce the number of animals used in experiments.
the number of 意思是"...的数量"；used in experiments 是过去分词短语，修饰 animals。
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Unit 11(第 23----25 讲)
第四段：
1. The Lethal Dose 50 test (LD50) may also be replaced. 2. In the original test, all the animals in a test group are given a substance until half of them die.
until 引导时间状语从句。
3. The test indicates toxicity. 4. A method using a fixed amount, which gives the same eventual information but uses fewer animals and does not require that they die, may replace the LD50.
which 引导非限制性定语从句，该从句中第三个谓语动词 require 后接 that 引导的宾语从句，宾语从句中必 须使用虚拟语气，其动词形式是"(should) + 动词原形"。这类动词有：
5. Many other new techniques are now available that enable more research to be done in the test tube to see if chemicals produce harmfulbiological effects.
that 引导定语从句，修饰主语 techniques，因为主语部分太长，故将定语从句后置；enable 一词常接复合宾 语，即 enable + 宾语 + to do 结构；to see if chemicals produce harmfulbiological effects 是不定式短语作目的状语。
P.265
第一段：
1. The number of animals used in laboratory tests has declined over the last 20 years.
the number of 意思是"...的数量"，是单数概念，故谓语动词是 has declined；used in laboratory tests 是过去分
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Unit 11(第 23----25 讲)
词短语，作 animals 的定语，over the last 20 years 意为"在过去的 20 年中"，用于现在完成时。
2. This is partly due to alternatives and partly to the fact that experiments are better designed so fewer need to be used--healthier animals provide better experimental results.
due to 意思是"由于、因为"，通常用作句子的表语成分；fact 后面有 that 引导的同位语从句；fewer 是 fewer animals 之省略。
3. For example, it used to take 36 monkeys to test a sample of polio vaccine, now it takes only 22.
used to 意思是"过去、过去常常"，后接动词原形；而 be used to 意思是"习惯于"，to 是介词，后接名词或动 名词。
4. Also, lack of money has reduced the number of animals used--they are expensive to buy and expensive to keep.
本句再次出现 the number of（...的数量） ；expensive 后面的 to buy 和 to keep 都是不定式的主动式，却表示 被动意义。
P.265
第二段：
1. Birmingham University now has Britain's first department og Biomedical Ethics. 2. Professor David Morton of the department is involved in animal research and is concerned with reducing animal suffering as much as possible.
be involved in 意为"从事、参与"；be concerned with 意思是"关心、关注"；as ... as possible 表示"尽可能..."。
3. Animals spend 95% of their time in their cages and refinement also means making their lives better when not undergoing tests.
mean + doing 和 mean + to do 的区别在于：前者表示"意味着"，后者表示"想、打算"。
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Unit 11(第 23----25 讲)
4. This includes keeping them in more suitable cages, allowing social animals like dogs to live together and trying to reduce the boredom that these animals can experience.
include 后面有三个并列的动名词短语，作宾语成分。 第三段：
1. In Professor Morton's laboratory, rabbits live together in large runs, filled with deep litter and boxes that they can hide in.
run 在本句中是名词，意思是"动物出没的路径、场地"；filled with deep litter and boxes...是过去分词短语， 充当 runs 的定语成分；that they can hide in 是定语从句，修饰前面的 boxes。
2. The researchers have also refined some experiments. 3. In the US, one experiment in nerve regeneration involves cutting a big nerve in a rat's leg, leaving its leg paralysed.
leaving its leg paralysed 是现在分词短语， 充当句子的伴随状语； 此处的 leave 意思是"使、 leave + n. + doing 让"， / done 是使动用法的结构。
4. In Morton's lab ,the researcher cuts a small nerve in the foot. 5. He can see if it can regrow and the rat can still run around its cage.
该句是由 and 连接的并列句，if it can regrow 是第一分句中动词 see 的宾语从句。 第四段：
1. Even with these new developments in research, only a tiny proportion of all tests are done without using animals at some stage.
a tiny proportion 作句子主语时，谓语动词的单复数形式取决于 of 后面的名词的单复数形式。
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Unit 11(第 23----25 讲)
2. The use of animals in experiments cannot stop immediately if medicalresearch is to continue and consumer products are to be properly tested, and Professor Blakemore believes that sometimes there are no alternatives: be to 有两个基本意义："必须"、"将要、计划、打算"，例如： You are to finish your work before Friday. 你们必须在星期五前完成任务。
They are to get married next Friday. 他们将于下星期五结婚。 第五段：
1. Wherever possible, for both ethical and scientific reasons, we do not use animals.
for both ethical and scientific reasons 意为"由于伦理和科学的原因"，reason 前面与介词 for 搭配。
2. But cells live in animals and we can only really see how they behave when they inside animals.
该句是并列复合句，and 连接两个并列分句，在第二分句中，when they are inside animals 是时间状语从句， we can only really see how they behave 是主句，而这个主句仍然是复合句，how they behave 是 see 的宾语从句。
3. We cannot possibly reproduce in a test tube or a computer model all the complexreactions of the body to a drug or a disease.
reproduce 再生、 （ 再现） 是及物动词， 其宾语是 all the complexreactions of the body to a drug or a disease； reaction （反应）后面常与 to 搭配，另有 react to, respond to, response to 等搭配。
4. When it comes to research into heart disease and its effects on the body, or diseases of the brain for example, we do not have adequate substitutes for the use of animals. When it comes to ...意为"就...而言、就...来说"，例如： He is not good at mathematics, but when it comes to English, he is the top student in the class. 他数 学不好，但就英语而言，他可是班上的尖子。
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Unit 11(第 23----25 讲)
When it comes to color, I prefer this car. 就颜色而言，我更喜欢这辆车。
research（研究）后面常与 into 搭配；effect 后面常与 on 搭配；substitute（替代物、替代品）后面常与 for 搭配。
P.266
第二段：
1. As research techniques become more advanced, the number of animals used in experiments may decrease, but stopping testing on animals altogether is a long way away.
the number of 意思是"...的数量"；stop + doing 与 stop + to do 的区别：stop doing sth 表示"停止做某事"，stop to do sth 表示"停下来去做某事"；test on 意思是"在...身上做试验"。
Text B
P.276
第一段：
Let's Stop Keeping Pets
1. Pets are lovable,frequently delightful. 2. The dog and the cat, the most favored of pets, are beautiful, intelligent animals.
the most favored of pets 是主语的同位语成分。
3. To assume the care for them can help bring out the humanity in our children and even in us.
bring out 意思是"使显现、使显示、生产、使产生"。
4. A dog or a cat can teach us a lot about human nature; they are a lot more like us than some might think.
a lot more like us than some might think 中，a lot 用来修饰比较级，可替换为 far 或 much。
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Unit 11(第 23----25 讲)
5. More than one owner of a dog has said that the animal understands everything he says to it. more than one + n.作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；另有 many a + n. + 单数谓语动词，例如： Many a boy likes football. (= Many boys like football.) 许多男孩喜欢足球。
he says to it 是定语从句，修饰 everything，省略了关系代词 that（此处不可使用 which） 。
第二段：
1. It is touching to see how a cat or dog--especially a dog--attaches itself to a family and wants to share in all its goings and comings.
attach 后面常与 to 连用， 此处 attach itself to a family 意思是"依恋于一个家庭"； share in 意思是"分享、 分担"； goings and comings 意为"活动"。
2. If certain animal psychologists are right, a dog adopts his family in a most literal way--taking it for granted that the family is the band of dogs he belongs to.
take it for granted that ...中 it 是形式宾语， 真正宾语是 that 从句， take ... for granted 意为"想当然"； belong to 意思是"属于"。
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Unit 11(第 23----25 讲)
第三段：
1. It is sometimes said that the cat "takes all and gives nothing."
句首 It 是形式主语，that 引导主语从句。
2. But is tht really true? 3. A cat can teach us a valuable lesson about how to be contented, how to be serene and at ease, how to sit and contemplate.
at ease 意思是"自在"；how to be contented, how to be serene and at ease, how to sit and contemplate 都是有疑问 词 how 与不定式构成的短语，充当介词 about 的宾语。
4. Whereas a dog's constant pleas for attention become, sometimes, a bit too much.
plea（恳求）后面与 for 搭配，类似的名词有：need, request, demand 等。
5. Nevertheless it is the dog who can teach us lessons of loyalty and devotion that no cat ever knew.
it is the dog who can teach ...是强调结构，这里的强调成分是主语 the dog。 第四段：
1. So there' plenty to be said in favor of keeping pets. 结构 there is something / much / little / plenty to be said for / in favor of doing sth 意思是"某物／做 某事是有一定道理的／很有道理的／几乎没有道理的／有足够道理的"，例如：
There is something / much / little to be said for this suggestion. 这个建议有一定／很有／几乎没有道
理。
There are things to be said for the building of a new airport in this locality. 在这个地方建一个新机场是有一些
道理的。
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Unit 11(第 23----25 讲)
3. Not that a family should kill its pets.
Not that...意为"并不是说"。
4. Very few could bring themselves to do that.
句中 bring themselves to do that 是使动用法结构，意思是"让自己干出那样的事情来"。