life. It was simply the result of persevering diligence, which
shrank from no effort and neglected no detail; as well as of

prudence allied to boldness, but certainly not "of chance;" and,
above all, of highminded integrity and unimpeachable honesty. It

is perhaps unnecessary to add more as to the merits of Mr. Walter
as a man of enterprise in business, or as a public man and a

Member of Parliament. The great work of his life was the
development of his journal, the history of which forms the best

monument to his merits and his powers.
The progressiveimprovement of steam printing machinery was not

affected by Mr. Walter's death, which occurred in 1847. He had
given it an impulse which it never lost. In 1846 Mr. Applegath

patented certain important improvements in the steam press. The
general disposition of his new machine was that of a vertical

cylinder 200 inches in circumference, holding on it the type and
distributing surfaces, and surrounded alternately by inking

rollers and pressing cylinders. Mr. Applegath estimated in his
specification that in his new verticalsystem the machine, with

eight cylinders, would print about 10,000 sheets per hour. The
new printing press came into use in 1848, and completely

justified the anticipations of its projector.
Applegath's machine, though successfully employed at The Times

office, did not come into general use. It was, to a large
extent, superseded by the invention of Richard M. Hoe, of New

York. Hoe's process consisted in placing the types upon a
horizontal cylinder, against which the sheets were pressed by

exterior and smaller cylinders. The types were arranged in
segments of a circle, each segment forming a frame that could be

fixed on the cylinder. These printing machines were made with
from two to ten subsidiary cylinders. The first presses sent by

Messrs. Hoe & Co. to this country were for Lloyd's Weekly
Newspaper, and were of the six-cylinder size. These were

followed by two ten-cylinder machines, ordered by the present Mr.
Walter, for The Times. Other English newspaper proprietors--both

in London and the provinces--were supplied with the machines, as
many as thirty-five having been imported from America between

1856 and 1862. It may be mentioned that the two ten-cylinder
Hoes made for The Times were driven at the rate of thirty-two

revolutions per minute, which gives a printing rate of 19,200 per
hour, or about 16,000 including stoppages.

Much of the ingenuity exercised both in the Applegath and Hoe
Machines was directed to the "chase," which had to hold securely

upon its curved face the mass of movable type required to form a
page. And now the enterprise of the proprietor of The Times

again came to the front. The change effected in the art of
newspaper-printing, by the process of stereotypes, is scarcely

inferior to that by which the late Mr. Walter applied steam-power
to the printing press, and certainly equal to that by which the

rotary press superseded the reciprocatory action of the flat
machine.

Stereotyping has a curious history. Many attempts were made to
obtain solid printing-surfaces by transfer from similar surfaces,

composed, in the first place, of movable types. The first who
really succeeded was one Ged, an Edinburgh goldsmith, who, after

a series of difficult experiments, arrived at a knowledge of the
art of stereotyping. The first method employed was to pour

liquid stucco, of the consistency of cream, over the types; and
this, when solid, gave a perfect mould. Into this the molten

metal was poured, and a plate was produced, accurately" target="_blank" title="ad.准确地；精密地">accurately resembling
the page of type. As long ago as 1730, Ged obtained a privilege

from the University of Cambridge for printing Bibles and
Prayer-books after this method. But the workmen were dead

against it, as they thought it would destroy their trade. The
compositors and the pressmen purposely battered the letters in

the absence of their employers. In consequence of this
interference Ged was ruined, and died in poverty.

The art had, however, been born, and could not be kept down. It
was revived in France, in Germany, and in America. Fifty years

after the discovery of Ged, Tilloch and Foulis, of Glasgow,
patented a similar invention, without knowing anything of what

Ged had done; and after great labour and many experiments, they
produced plates, the impressions from which could not be

distinguished from those taken from the types from which they
were cast. Some years afterwards, Lord Stanhope, to whom the art

of printing is much indebted, greatly improved the art of
stereotyping, though it was still quite inapplicable to newspaper

printing. The merit of this latter invention is due to the
enterprise of the present proprietor of The Times.

Mr. Walter began his experiments, aided by an ingenious Italian
founder named Dellagana, early in 1856. It was ascertained that

when papier-mache matrices were rapidly dried and placed in a
mould, separate columns might be cast in them with stereotype

metal, type high, planed flat, and finished with sufficient speed
to get up the duplicate of a forme of four pages fitted for

printing. Steps were taken to adapt these type-high columns to
the Applegath Presses, then worked with polygonal chases. When

the Hoe machines were introduced, instead of dealing with the
separate columns, the papier-mache matrix was taken from the

whole page at one operation, by roller-presses constructed for
the purpose. The impression taken off in this manner is as

perfect as if it had been made in the finest wax. The matrix is
rapidly dried on heating surfaces, and then accurately" target="_blank" title="ad.准确地；精密地">accurately adjusted

in a casting machine curved to the exact circumference of the
main drum of the printing press, and fitted with a terra-cotta

top to secure a casting of uniform thickness. On pouring
stereotype metal into this mould, a curved plate was obtained,

which, after undergoing a certain amount of trimming at two
machines, could be taken to press and set to work within

twenty-five minutes from the time at which the process began.
Besides the great advantages obtained from uniform sets of the

plates, which might be printed on different machines at the rate
of 50,000 impressions an hour, or such additional number as might

be required, there is this other great advantage, that there is
no wear and tear of type in the curved chases by obstructive

friction; and that the fount, instead of wearing out in two
years, might last for twenty; for the plates, after doing their

work for one day, are melted down into a new impression for the
next day's printing. At the same time, the original type-page,

safe from injury, can be made to yield any number of copies that
may be required by the exigencies of the circulation. It will be

sufficiently obvious that by the multiplication of stereotype
plates and printing machines, there is practically no limit to

the number of copies of a newspaper that may be printed within
the time which the process now usually occupies.

This new method of newspaper stereotyping was originally employed
on the cylinders of the Applegath and Hoe Presses. But it is

equally applicable to those of the Walter Press, a brief
description of which we now subjoin. As the construction" target="_blank" title="n.建设；修建；结构">construction of the

first steam newspaper machine was due to the enterprise of the
late Mr. Walter, so the construction" target="_blank" title="n.建设；修建；结构">construction of this last and most

improved machine is due in like manner to the enterprise of his
son. The new Walter Press is not, like Applegath and Cowper's,

and Hoe's, the improvement of an existing arrangement, but an
almost entirely original invention.

In the Reports of the Jurors on the "Plate, Letterpress, and
other modes of Printing," at the International Exhibition of

1862, the following passage occurs:-- "It is incumbent on the
reporters to point out that, excellent and surprising as are the

results achieved by the Hoe and Applegath Machines, they cannot
be considered satisfactory while those machines themselves are so

liable to stoppages in working. No true mechanic can contrast
the immense American ten-cylinder presses of The Times with the