stand, and must stand, at a somewhat differing angle. The physical

creation of human life, which, in as far as the male is concerned, consists
in a few moments of physical pleasure; to the female must always signify

months of pressure and physicalendurance, crowned with danger to life. To
the male, the giving of life is a laugh; to the female, blood, anguish, and

sometimes death. Here we touch one of the few yet important differences
between man and woman as such.

The twenty thousand men prematurely slain on a field of battle, mean, to
the women of their race, twenty thousand human creatures to be borne within

them for months, given birth to in anguish, fed from their breasts and
reared with toil, if the numbers of the tribe and the strength of the

nation are to be maintained. In nations continually at war, incessant and
unbroken child-bearing is by war imposed on all women if the state is to

survive; and whenever war occurs, if numbers are to be maintained, there
must be an increased child-bearing and rearing. This throws upon woman as

woman a war tax, compared with which all that the male expends in military
preparations is comparatively light.

The relations of the female towards the production of human life influences
undoubtedly even her relation towards animal and all life. "It is a fine

day, let us go out and kill something!" cries the typical male of certain
races, instinctively. "There is a living thing, it will die if it is not

cared for," says the average woman, almost equallyinstinctively. It is
true, that the woman will sacrifice as mercilessly, as cruelly, the life of

a hated rival or an enemy, as any male; but she always knows what she is
doing, and the value of the life she takes! There is no light-hearted,

careless enjoyment in the sacrifice of life to the normal woman; her
instinct, instructed by practical experience, steps in to prevent it. She

always knows what life costs; and that it is more easy to destroy than
create it.

It is also true, that, from the loftiest standpoint, the condemnation of
war which has arisen in the advancing human spirit, is in no sense related

to any particular form of sex function. The man and the woman alike, who
with Isaiah on the hills of Palestine, or the Indian Buddha under his bo-

tree, have seen the essential unity of all sentient life; and who therefore
see in war but a symptom of that crude disco-ordination of life on earth,

not yet at one with itself, which affects humanity in these early stages of
its growth: and who are compelled to regard as the ultimate goal of the

race, though yet perhaps far distant across the ridges of innumerable
coming ages, that harmony between all forms of conscious life,

metaphorically prefigured by the ancient Hebrew, when he cried, "The wolf
shall dwell with the lamb; and the leopard shall lie down with the kid; and

the calf and the young lion and the fatling together, and a little child
shall lead them!"--to that individual, whether man or woman, who has

reached this standpoint, there is no need for enlightenment from the
instincts of the child-bearers of society as such; their condemnation of

war, rising not so much from the fact that it is a wastefuldestruction of
human flesh, as that it is an indication of the non-existence of that co-

ordination, the harmony which is summed up in the cry, "My little children,
love one another."

But for the vast bulk of humanity, probably for generations to come, the
instinctive antagonism of the human child-bearer to recklessdestruction of

that which she has at so much cost produced, will be necessary to educate
the race to any clear conception of the bestiality and insanity of war.

War will pass when intellectualculture and activity have made possible to
the female an equal share in the control and governance of modern national

life; it will probably not pass away much sooner; its extinction will not
be delayed much longer.

It is especially in the domain of war that we, the bearers of men's bodies,
who supply its most valuable munition, who, not amid the clamour and ardour

of battle, but singly, and alone, with a three-in-the-morning courage, shed
our blood and face death that the battlefield may have its food, a food

more precious to us than our heart's blood; it is we especially, who in the
domain of war, have our word to say, a word no man can say for us. It is

our intention to enter into the domain of war and to labour there till in
the course of generations we have extinguished it.

If today we claim all labour for our province, yet more especially do we
claim those fields in which the difference in the reproductive function

between man and woman may place male and female at a slightlydifferent
angle with regard to certain phases of human life.

Chapter V. Sex Differences.
If we examine the physicalphenomenon of sex as it manifests itself in the

human creature, we find, in the first stages of the individual's existence,
no difference discernible, by any means we have at present at our command,

between those germs which are ultimately to become male or female. Later,
in the foetal life, at birth, and through infancy though the organs of sex

serve to distinguish the male from the female, there is in the general
structure and working of the organism little or nothing to divide the

sexes.
Even when puberty is reached, with its enormous development of sexual and

reproductive activity modifying those parts of the organism with which it
is concerned, and producing certain secondarysexual characteristics, there

yet remains the major extent of the human body and of physicalfunction
little, or not at all, affected by sex modification. The eye, the ear, the

sense of touch, the general organs of nutrition and respiration and
volition are in the main identical, and often differ far more in persons of

the same sex than in those of opposite sexes; and even on the dissecting-
table the tissues of the male and female are often wholly

indistinguishable.
It is when we consider the reproductive organs themselves and their forms

of activity, and such parts of the organism modified directly in relation
to them, that a real and important difference is found to exist, radical

though absolutely complemental. It is exactly as we approach the
reproductive functions that the male and female bodies differ; exactly as

we recede from them that they become more and more similar, and even
absolutelyidentical. Taking the eye, perhaps the most highly developed,

complex organ in the body, and, if of an organ the term may be allowed, the
most intellectual organ of sense, we find it remains the same in male and

female in structure, in appearance, and in function throughout life; while
the breast, closely connected with reproduction, though absolutely

identical in both forms in infancy, assumes a widely different organisation
when reproductive activity is actuallyconcerned.

When we turn to the psychic phase of human life an exactly analogous
phenomenon presents itself. The intelligence, emotions, and desires of the

human infant at birth differ not at all perceptibly, as its sex may be male
or female; and such psychic differences as appear to exist in later

childhood are undoubtedly very largely the result of artificial training,
forcing on the appearance of psychic sexual divergencies long before they

would tend spontaneously to appear; as where sports and occupations are
interdicted to young children on the ground of their supposedsexual

unfitness; as when an infantfemale is forcibly prevented from climbing or
shouting, and the infant male from amusing himself with needle and thread

or dolls. Even in the fully adult human, and in spite of differences of
training, the psychic activities over a large extent of life appear to be

absolutelyidentical. The male and female brains acquire languages, solve
mathematical problems, and master scientific detail in a manner wholly

indistinguishable: as illustrated by the fact that in modern universities
the papers sent in by male and female candidates are as a rule absolutely

identical in type. Placed in like external conditions, their tastes and
emotions, over a vast part of the surface of life, are identical; and, in

an immense number of those cases where psychic sex differences appear to
exist, subject to rigid analysis they are found to be purelyartificial

creations, for, when other races or classes are studied, they are found
non-existent as sexual characteristics; as when the female is supposed by

ignorant persons in modern European societies to have an inherent love for
bright colours and ornaments, not shared by the male; while experience of

other societies and past social conditions prove that it is as often the
male who has been even more desirous of attiring himself in bright raiment

and adorning himself with brilliant jewels; or as when, among certain
tribes of savages, the use of tobacco is supposed to be a peculiarlyfemale

prerogative, while, in some modern societies, it is supposed to have some
relation to masculinity. (The savage male of today when attired in his

paint, feathers, cats' tails and necklaces is an immeasurably more
ornamented and imposing figure than his female, even when fully attired for

a dance in beads and bangles: the Oriental male has sometimes scarcely
been able to walk under the weight of his ornaments; and the males of

Europe a couple of centuries ago, with their powdered wigs, lace ruffles
and cuffs, paste buckles, feathered cocked hats, and patches were quite as

ridiculous in their excess of adornment as the complementary females of
their own day, or the most parasitic females of this. Both in the class

and the individual, whether male or female, an intense love of dress and