第四十一条 全民所有制企业、集体所有制企业有符合国家规定的资金数额，有组织章程、组织机构和场所，能够独立承担民事责任，经主管机关核准登记，取得法人资格。

Article 41 An enterprise owned by the whole people or under collectiveownership shall be qualified as a legal person when it has sufficient funds as stipulated by the state; has articles of association, an organization and premises; has the ability to independently bear civil liability; and has been approved and registered by the competent authority.

在中华人民共和国领域内设立的中外合资经营企业、中外合作经营企业和外资企业，具备法人条件的，依法经工商行政管理机关核准登记，取得中国法人资格。

A Chinese- foreign equity joint venture, Chinese-foreign contractual joint venture or foreign-capital enterprise established within the People's Republic of China shall be qualified as a legal person in China if it has the qualifications of a legal person and has been approved and registered by the administrative agency for industry and commerce in according with the law.

第四十二条 企业法人应当在核准登记的经营范围内从事经营。

Article 42 An enterprise as legal person shall conduct operations within the range approved and registered.

第四十三条 企业法人对它的法定代表人和其他工作人员的经营活动，承担民事责任。

Article 43 An enterprise as legal person shall bear civil liability for the operational activities of its legal representatives and other personnel.

第四十四条 企业法人分立、合并或者有其他重要事项变更，应当向登记机关办理登记并公告。

Article 44 If an enterprise as legal person is divided or merged or undergoes any other important change, it shall register the change with the registration authority and publicly announce it.

企业法人分立、合并，它的权利和义务由变更后的法人享有和承担。

When an enterprise as legal person is divided or merged, its rights and obligations shall be enjoyed and assumed by the new legal person that results from the change.

第四十五条 企业法人由于下列原因之一终止：

Article 45 An enterprise as legal person shall terminate for any of the following reasons:

（一）依法被撤销；

(1) if it is dissolved by law;

（二）解散；

(2) if it is disbanded;

（三）依法宣告破产；

(3) if it is declared bankrupt in accordance with the law;

（四）其他原因。

or (4) for other reasons.

第四十六条 企业法人终止，应当向登记机关办理注销登记并公告。

Article 46 When an enterprise as legal person terminates, it shall cancel its registration with the registration authority and publicly announce the termination.

第四十七条 企业法人解散，应当成立清算组织，进行清算。企业法人被撤销、被宣告破产的，应当由主管机关或者人民法院组织有关机关和有关人员成立清算组织，进行清算。

Article 47 When an enterprise as legal person is disbanded, it shall establish a liquidation organization and go into liquidation. When an enterprise as legal person is dissolved or is declared bankrupt, the competent authority or a people's court shall organize the organs and personnelconcerned to establish a liquidation organization to liquidate the enterprise.

第四十八条 全民所有制企业法人以国家授予它经营管理的财产承担民事责任。

Article 48 An enterprise owned by the whole people, as legal person, shall bear civil liability with the property that the state authorizes it to manage.

集体所有制企业法人以企业所有的财产承担民事责任。

An enterprise under collectiveownership, as legal person, shall bear civil liability with the property it owns.

中外合资经营企业法人、中外合作经营企业法人和外资企业法人以企业所有的财产承担民事责任，法律另有规定的除外。

A Chinese-foreign equity joint venture, Chinese-foreign contractual joint venture or foreign-capital enterprise as legal person shall bear civil liability with the property it owns, except as stipulated otherwise by law.

第四十九条 企业法人有下列情形之一的，除法人承担责任外，对法定代表人可以给予行政处分、罚款，构成犯罪的，依法追究刑事责任：

Article 49 Under any of the following circumstances, an enterprise as legal person shall bear liability, its legal representative may additionally be given administrative sanctions and fined and, if the offence constitutes a crime, criminal responsibility shall be investigated in accordance with the law:

（一）超出登记机关核准登记的经营范围从事非法经营的；

(1) conducting illegal operations beyond the range approved and registered by the registration authority;

（二）向登记机关、税务机关隐瞒真实情况、弄虚作假的；

(2) concealing facts from the registration and tax authorities and practising fraud;

（三）抽逃资金、隐匿财产逃避债务的；

(3) secretly withdrawing funds or hiding property to evade repayment of debts;

（四）解散、被撤销、被宣告破产后，擅自处理财产的；

(4) disposing of property without authorization after the enterprise is dissolved, disbanded or declared bankrupt;

（五）变更、终止时不及时申请办理登记和公告，使利害关系人遭受重大损失的；

(5) failing to apply for registration and make a public announcement promptly when the enterprise undergoes a change or terminates, thus causing interested persons to suffer heavy losses;

（六）从事法律禁止的其他活动，损害国家利益或者社会公共利益的。

(6) engaging in other activities prohibited by law, damaging the interests of the state or the public interest.

第三章 法 人 第三节 机关、事业单位和社会团体法人

Section 3 Official Organ, Institution and Social Organization as Legal Person

第五十条 有独立经费的机关从成立之日起，具有法人资格。

Article 50 An independently funded official organ shall be qualified as a legal person on the day it is established.

具备法人条件的事业单位、社会团体，依法不需要办理法人登记的，从成立之日起，具有法人资格；依法需要办理法人登记的，经核准登记，取得法人资格。

If according to law an institution or social organization having the qualifications of a legal person needs not go through the procedures for registering as a legal person, it shall be qualified as a legal person on the day it is established; if according to law it does need to go through the registration procedures, it shall be qualified as a legal person after being approved and registered.

第三章 法 人 第四节 联 营

Section 4 Economic Association

第五十一条 企业之间或者企业、事业单位之间联营，组成新的经济实体，独立承担民事责任、具备法人条件的，经主管机关核准登记，取得法人资格。

Article 51 If a new economic entity is formed by enterprises or an enterprise and an institution that engage in economic association and it independently bears civil liability and has the qualifications of a legal person, the new entity shall be qualified as a legal person after being approved and registered by the competent authority.

第五十二条 企业之间或者企业、事业单位之间联营，共同经营、不具备法人条件的，由联营各方按照出资比例或者协议的约定，以各自所有的或者经营管理的财产承担民事责任。

Article 52 If the enterprises or an enterprise and an institution that engage in economic association conduct joint operation but do not have the qualifications of a legal person, each party to the association shall, in proportion to its respectivecontribution to the investment or according to the agreement made, bear civil liability with the property each party owns or manages.

依照法律的规定或者协议的约定负连带责任的，承担连带责任。

If joint liability is specified by law or by agreement, the parties shall assume joint liability.

第五十三条 企业之间或者企业、事业单位之间联营，按照合同的约定各自独立经营的，它的权利和义务由合同约定，各自承担民事责任。

Article 53 If the contract for economic association of enterprises or of an enterprise and an institution specifies that each party shall conduct operations independently, it shall stipulate the rights and obligations of each party, and each party shall bear civil liabilityseparately.

第四章 民事法律行为和代理 第一节 民事法律行为

Chapter IV Civil Juristic Acts and Agency Section 1 Civil Juristic Acts

第五十四条 民事法律行为是公民或者法人设立、变更、终止民事权利和民事义务的合法行为。

Article 54 A civil juristic act shall be the lawful act of a citizen or legal person to establish, change or terminate civil rights and obligations.

第五十五条 民事法律行为应当具备下列条件：

Article 55 A civil juristic act shall meet the following requirements:

（一）行为人具有相应的民事行为能力；

(1) the actor has relevant capacity for civil conduct;

（二）意思表示真实；

(2) the intention expressed is genuine;

（三）不违反法律或者社会公共利益。

and (3) the act does not violate the law or the public interest.

第五十六条 民事法律行为可以采取书面形式、口头形式或者其他形式。

Article 56 A civil juristic act may be in written, oral or other form.

法律规定是特定形式的，应当依照法律规定。

If the law stipulates that a particular form be adopted, such stipulation shall be observed.

第五十七条 民事法律行为从成立时起具有法律约束力。

Article 57 A civil juristic act shall be legallybinding once it is instituted.

行为人非依法律规定或者取得对方同意，不得擅自变更或者解除。

The actor shall not alter or rescind his act except in accordance with the law or with the other party's consent.

第五十八条 下列民事行为无效：

Article 58 Civil acts in the following categories shall be null and void:

（一）无民事行为能力人实施的；

(1) those performed by a person without capacity for civil conduct;

（二）限制民事行为能力人依法不能独立实施的；

(2) those that according to law may not be independently performed by a person with limited capacity for civil conduct;

（三）一方以欺诈、胁迫的手段或者乘人之危，使对方在违背真实意思的情况下所为的；

(3) those performed by a person against his true intentions as a result of cheating, coercion or exploitation of his unfavourable position by the other party;

（四）恶意串通，损害国家、集体或者第三人利益的；

(4) those that performed through malicious collusion are detrimental to the interest of the state, a collective or a third party;

（五）违反法律或者社会公共利益的；

(5) those that violate the law or the public interest;

（六）经济合同违反国家指令性计划的；

(6) economic contracts that violate the state's mandatory plans;

（七）以合法形式掩盖非法目的的。

and (7) those that performed under the guise of legitimate acts conceal illegitimate purposes.

无效的民事行为，从行为开始起就没有法律约束力。

Civil acts that are null and void shall not be legallybinding from the very beginning.

第五十九条 下列民事行为，一方有权请求人民法院或者仲裁机关予以变更或者撤销：

Article 59 A party shall have the right to request a people's court or an arbitration agency to alter or rescind the following civil acts:

（一）行为人对行为内容有重大误解的；

(1) those performed by an actor who seriously misunderstood the contents of the acts;

（二）显失公平的。

(2) those that are obviously unfair.

被撤销的民事行为从行为开始起无效。

Rescinded civil acts shall be null and void from the very beginning.

第六十条 民事行为部分无效，不影响其他部分的效力的，其他部分仍然有效。

Article 60 If part of a civil act is null and void, it shall not affect the validity of other parts.