第六十一条 民事行为被确认为无效或者被撤销后，当事人因该行为取得的财产，应当返还给受损失的一方。

Article 61 After a civil act has been determined to be null and void or has been rescinded, the party who acquired property as a result of the act shall return it to the party who suffered a loss.

有过错的一方应当赔偿对方因此所受的损失，对方都有过错的，应当各自承担相应的责任。

The erring party shall compensate the other party for the losses it suffered as a result of the act; if both sides are in error, they shall each bear their proper share of the responsibility.

双方恶意串通，实施民事行为损害国家的、集体的或者第三人的利益的，应当追缴双方取得的财产，收归国家、集体所有或者返还第三人。

If the two sides have conspired maliciously and performed a civil act that is detrimental to the interests of the state, a collective or a third party, the property that they thus obtained shall be recovered and turned over to the state or the collective, or returned to the third party.

第六十二条 民事法律行为可以附条件，附条件的民事法律行为在符合所附条件时生效。

Article 62 A civil juristic act may have conditions attached to it. Conditional civil juristic acts shall take effect when the relevant conditions are met.

第四章 民事法律行为和代理 第二节 代理

Section 2 Agency

第六十三条 公民、法人可以通过代理人实施民事法律行为。

Article 63 Citizens and legal persons may perform civil juristic acts through agents

代理人在代理权限内，以被代理人的名义实施民事法律行为。

An agent shall perform civil juristic acts in the principal's name within the scope of the power of agency.

被代理人对代理人的代理行为，承担民事责任。

The principal shall bear civil liability for the agent's acts of agency.

依照法律规定或者按照双方当事人约定，应当由本人实施的民事法律行为，不得代理。

Civil juristic acts that should be performed by the principal himself, pursuant to legal provisions or the agreement between the two parties, shall not be entrusted to an agent.

第六十四条 代理包括委托代理、法定代理和指定代理。

Article 64 Agency shall include entrusted agency, statutory agency and appointed agency.

委托代理人按照被代理人的委托行使代理权，法定代理人依照法律的规定行使代理权，指定代理人按照人民法院或者指定单位的指定行使代理权。

An entrusted agent shall exercise the power of agency as entrusted by the principal; a statutory agent shall exercise the power of agency as prescribed by law; and an appointed agent shall exercise the power of agency as designated by a people's court or the appointing unit.

第六十五条 民事法律行为的委托代理，可以用书面形式，也可以用口头形式。

Article 65 A civil juristic act may be entrusted to an agent in writing or orally.

法律规定用书面形式的，应当用书面形式。

If legal provisions require the entrustment to be written, it shall be effected in writing.

书面委托代理的授权委托书应当载明代理人的姓名或者名称、代理事项、权限和期间，并由委托人签名或者盖章。

Where the entrustment of agency is in writing, the power of attorney shall clearly state the agent's name, the entrusted tasks and the scope and duration of the power of agency, and it shall be signed or sealed by the principal.

委托书授权不明的，被代理人应当向第三人承担民事责任，代理人负连带责任。

If the power of attorney is not clear as to the authority conferred, the principal shall bear civil liability towards the third party, and the agent shall be held jointly liable.

第六十六条 没有代理权、超越代理权或者代理权终止后的行为，只有经过被代理人的追认，被代理人才承担民事责任。

Article 66 The principal shall bear civil liability for an act performed by an actor with no power of agency, beyond the scope of his power of agency or after his power of agency has expired, only if he recognizes the act retroactively.

未经追认的行为，由行为人承担民事责任。

If the act is not so recognized, the performer shall bear civil liability for it.

本人知道他人以本人名义实施民事行为而不作否认表示的，视为同意。

If a principal is aware that a civil act is being executed in his name but fails to repudiate it, his consent shall be deemed to have been given.

代理人不履行职责而给被代理人造成损害的，应当承担民事责任。

An agent shall bear civil liability if he fails to perform his duties and thus causes damage to the principal.

代理人和第三人串通，损害被代理人的利益的，由代理人和第三人负连带责任。

If an agent and a third party in collusion harm the principal's interests, the agent and the third party shall be held jointly liable.

第三人知道行为人没有代理权、超越代理权或者代理权已终止还与行为人实施民事行为给他人造成损害的，由第三人和行为人负连带责任。

If a third party is aware that an actor has no power of agency, is overstepping his power of agency, or his power of agency has expired and yet joins him in a civil act and thus brings damage to other people, the third party and the actor shall be held jointly liable.

第六十七条 代理人知道被委托代理的事项违法仍然进行代理活动的，或者被代理人知道代理人的代理行为违法不表示反对的，由被代理人和代理人负连带责任。

Article 67 If an agent is aware that the matters entrusted are illegal but still carries them out, or if a principal is aware that his agent's acts are illegal but fails to object to them, the principal and the agent shall be held jointly liable.

第六十八条 委托代理人为被代理人的利益需要转托他人代理的，应当事先取得被代理人的同意。

Article 68 If in the principal's interests an entrusted agent needs to transfer the agency to another person, he shall first obtain the principal's consent.

事先没有取得被代理人同意的，应当在事后及时告诉被代理人，如果被代理人不同意，由代理人对自己所转托的人的行为负民事责任，但在紧急情况下，为了保护被代理人的利益而转托他

If the principal's consent is not obtained in advance, the matter shall be reported to him promptly after the transfer, and if the principal objects, the agent shall bear civil liability for the acts of the transferee;

人代理的除外。

however, an entrusted agency transferred in emergency circumstances in order to safeguard the principal's interests shall be excepted.

第六十九条 有下列情形之一的，委托代理终止：

Article 69 An entrusted agency shall end under any of the following circumstances:

（一）代理期间届满或者代理事务完成；

(1) when the period of agency expires or when the tasks entrusted are completed;

（二）被代理人取消委托或者代理人辞去委托；

(2) when the principal rescinds the entrustment or the agent declines the entrustment;

（三）代理人死亡；

(3) when the agent dies;

（四）代理人丧失民事行为能力；

(4) when the principal loses his capacity for civil conduct;

（五）作为被代理人或者代理人的法人终止。

or (5) when the principal or the agent ceases to be a legal person.

第七十条 有下列情形之一的，法定代理或者指定代理终止：

Article 70 A statutory or appointed agency shall end under any of the following circumstances:

（一）被代理人取得或者恢复民事行为能力；

(1) when the principal gains or recovers capacity for civil conduct;

（二）被代理人或者代理人死亡；

(2) when the principal or the agent dies;

（三）代理人丧失民事行为能力；

(3) when the agent loses capacity for civil conduct;

（四）指定代理的人民法院或者指定单位取消指定；

(4) when the people's court or the unit that appointed the agent rescinds the appointment;

（五）由其他原因引起的被代理人和代理人之间的监护关系消灭。

or (5) when the guardianrelationship between the principal and the agent ends for other reasons.

第五章 民事权利 第一节 财产所有权和与财产所有权有关的财产权

Chapter V Civil Rights Section 1 Property Ownership and Related Property Rights

第七十一条 财产所有权是指所有人依法对自己的财产享有占有、使用、收益和处分的权利。

Article 71 "Property ownership" means the owner's rights to lawfully possess, utilize, profit from and dispose of his property.

第七十二条 财产所有权的取得，不得违反法律规定。

Article 72 Property ownership shall not be obtained in violation of the law.

按照合同或者其他合法方式取得财产的，财产所有权从财产交付时起转移，法律另有规定或者当事人另有约定的除外。

Unless the law stipulates otherwise or the parties concerned have agreed on other arrangements, the ownership of property obtained by contract or by other lawful means shall be transferred simultaneously with the property itself.

第七十三条 国家财产属于全民所有。

Article 73 State property shall be owned by the whole people.

国家财产神圣不可侵犯，禁止任何组织或者个人侵占、哄抢、私分、截留、破坏。

State property is sacred and inviolable, and no organization or individual shall be allowed to seize, encroach upon, privately divide, retain or destroy it.

第七十四条 劳动群众集体组织的财产属于劳动群众集体所有，包括：

Article 74 Property of collective organizations of the working masses shall be owned collectively by the working masses. This shall include:

（一）法律规定为集体所有的土地和森林、山岭、草原、荒地、滩涂等；

(1) land, forests, mountains, grasslands, unreclaimed land, beaches and other areas that are stipulated by law to be under collectiveownership;

（二）集体经济组织的财产；

(2) property of collective economic organizations;

（三）集体所有的建筑物、水库、农田水利设施和教育、科学、文化、卫生、体育等设施；

(3) collectively owned buildings, reservoirs, farm irrigation facilities and educational, scientific, cultural, health, sports and other facilities;

（四）集体所有的其他财产。

and (4) other property that is collectively owned.

集体所有的土地依照法律属于村农民集体所有，由村农业生产合作社等农业集体经济组织或者村民委员会经营、管理。

Collectively owned land shall be owned collectively by the village peasants in accordance with the law and shall be worked and managed by village agricultural production cooperatives, other collective agricultural economic organizations or villages' committees.

已经属于乡（镇）农民集体经济组织所有的，可以属于乡（镇）农民集体所有。

Land already under the ownership of the township (town) peasants' collective economic organizations may be collectively owned by the peasants of the township (town).

集体所有的财产受法律保护，禁止任何组织或者个人侵占、哄抢、私分、破坏或者非法查封、扣押、冻结、没收。

Collectively owned property shall be protected by law, and no organization or individual may seize, encroach upon, privately divide, destroy or illegally seal up, distrain, freeze or confiscate it.

第七十五条 公民的个人财产，包括公民的合法收入、房屋、储蓄、生活用品、文物、图书资料、林木、牲畜和法律允许公民所有的生产资料以及其他合法财产。

Article 75 A citizen's personal property shall include his lawfully earned income, housing, savings, articles for daily use, objects d'art, books, reference materials, trees, livestock, as well as means of production the law permits a citizen to possess and other lawful property.

公民的合法财产受法律保护，禁止任何组织或者个人侵占、哄抢、破坏或者非法查封、扣押、冻结、没收。

A citizen's lawful property shall be protected by law, and no organization or individual may appropriate, encroach upon, destroy or illegally seal up, distrain, freeze or confiscate it.

第七十六条 公民依法享有财产继承权。

Article 76 Citizens shall have the right of inheritance under the law.

第七十七条 社会团体包括宗教团体的合法财产受法律保护。

Article 77 The lawful property of social organizations, including religious organizations, shall be protected by law.

第七十八条 财产可以由两个以上的公民、法人共有。

Article 78 Property may be owned jointly by two or more citizens or legal persons.

共有分为按份共有和共同共有。按份共有人按照各自的份额，对共有财产分享权利，分担义务。共同共有人对共有财产享有权利，承担义务。

There shall be two kinds of joint ownership, namely co-ownership by shares and common ownership. Each of the co-owners by shares shall enjoy the rights and assume the obligations respecting the joint property in proportion to his share. Each of the common owners shall enjoy the rights and assume the obligations respecting the joint property.

按份共有财产的每个共有人有权要求将自己的份额分出或者转让。

Each co-owner by shares shall have the right to withdraw his own share of the joint property or transfer its ownership.

但在出售时，其他共有人在同等条件下，有优先购买的权利。

However, when he offers to sell his share, the other co-owners shall have a right of pre-emption if all other conditions are equal.

第七十九条 所有人不明的埋藏物、隐藏物，归国家所有。接收单位应当对上缴的单位或者个人，给予表扬或者物质奖励。

Article 79 If the owner of a buried or concealed object is unknown, the object shall belong to the state. The unit that receives the object shall commend or give a material reward to the unit or individual that turns in the object.

拾得遗失物、漂流物或者失散的饲养动物，应当归还失主，因此而支出的费用由失主偿还。

Lost-and-found objects, flotsam and stray animals shall be returned to their rightful owners, and any costs thus incurred shall be reimbursed by the owners.

第八十条 国家所有的土地，可以依法由全民所有制单位使用，也可以依法确定由集体所有制单位使用，国家保护它的使用、收益的权利；使用单位有管理、保护、合理利用的义务。

Article 80 State-owned land may be used according to law by units under ownership by the whole people; it may also be lawfully assigned for use by units under collectiveownership. The state shall protect the usufruct of the land, and the usufructuary shall be obligated to manage, protect and properly use the land.

公民、集体依法对集体所有的或者国家所有由集体使用的土地的承包经营权，受法律保护。

The right of citizens and collectives to contract for management of land under collectiveownership or of state-owned land under collective use shall be protected by law.

承包双方的权利和义务，依照法律由承包合同规定。

The rights and obligations of the two contracting parties shall be stipulated in the contract signed in accordance with the law.

土地不得买卖、出租、抵押或者以其他形式非法转让。

Land may not be sold, leased, mortgaged or illegally transferred by any other means.