2011英语二Text 1
http://www.economist.com/node/16032160
本文主要讲的是独立董事(outside directors)的作用。
独立董事是指排除执行董事(executive directors)（注：有时执行董事也称之内部董事(inside
directors)，这两者的概念是完全等同的。）
1---Ruth Simmons joined
Goldman Sachs's board as an outside director in January 2000: a
year later she became president of Brown University. For the rest
of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting
much criticism. But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons
was under fire for having sat on Goldman's
compensation committee; how could she have let those enormous bonus
payouts pass unremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had
left the board. The position was just taking up too much time, she
said.
2000年1月，Ruth
Simmons以外部董事的身份加入了高盛公司的董事会，一年之后，她出任布朗大学校长。在本世纪头十年剩下的时间里，Simmons显然是在没有招致多少批评的情况下，同时应付着这两种角色。不过到2009年底，她却因任职于高盛公司薪酬委员会而受到攻击：她怎么能没有注意到那些巨额奖金的发放呢？到第二年
2月份时，Simmons已离开了董事会。她称只是因为这个职位耗费的时间太多了。
21. According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Simmons was criticized for
.
[A]gaining excessive
profits

[B]failing
to fulfill her duty
[C]refusing to make
compromises
[D]leaving the board in tough
times
【分析】：原文But之后的 under fire
等于criticized， 因为她对于巨额资金不置一词，所以不负责任的含义，所以B更像答案。

科林斯高级英语学习词典第五版：unremarked：If something happens or goes unremarked,
people say nothing about it, because they consider it normal or do
not notice it. (FORMAL)

2---Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less
biased, advisers on a firm's board. Having made their wealth and
their reputations elsewhere, they presumably have enough
independence to disagree with the chief executive's proposals. If
the sky, and the share price is falling, outside directors should
be able to give advice based on having weathered their own
crises.

人们期望外部董事成为公司董事会中能提供帮助、却较少怀有偏见的顾问。在其他领域赢得了财富和声望的外部董事们，被认为拥有足可对首席执行官的提议发表异议的独立性。若是出现天崩地裂、股价下跌的情况，外部董事应当能够在曾经渡过自身危机的基础上提出建议。
22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are
supposed to be
.
[A]generous investors

[B]unbiased
executives
[C]share price
forecasters

[D]independent
advisers
【分析】：第二段中的to disagree with 和 to give
advice 清楚表达了D选项为正确答案。


3---The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat
covered more than 10,000 firms and more than 64,000 different
directors between 1989 and 2004. Then they simply checked which
directors stayed from one proxy statement to the
next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the
researchers concentrated on those "surprise" disappearances by
directors under the age of 70. They found that after
a surprise departure, the probability that the company will
subsequently have to restate earnings increased by nearly 20%. The
likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also
increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect
tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation
between them leaving and subsequent bad performance
at the firm is suggestive, it does not mean that such directors are
always jumping off a sinking ship. Often they
"trade up." Leaving riskier, smaller firms for larger
and more stable firms.


来自俄亥俄州的研究者所用的数据库涵盖了1989年到2004年间超过10000家公司和64000名不同的董事。接下来，他们只是检查哪些董事曾经辞职。在离开董事会的理由中，可能性最大的因素是年龄，因此，研究者将关注焦点放在了那些不满70岁董事的"意外"离职上。他们发现在意外离任后，其所在公司随后必须重述盈余的概率增加了近两成，卷入联邦集体诉讼案的可能性也会增大，而股票的表现也可能更糟。公司越大，这种效应往往也越强。尽管外部董事离任与该公司随后的糟糕表现之间的关联暗示着这一点，但这并不意味着此类董事总是在跳出正在沉没之船。他们常常是在"另觅良枝"，即离开风险更大、规模更小的公司，前往规模更大、更加稳定的公司

注意：proxy statement
股东签署的委托书；代理须知。但是stay from
one proxy statement to the next表示他们已经跳槽了。类似的表达还有，between
jobs，表示待业中。

23. According to the researchers from Ohio University after an
outside director's surprise departure, the firm is likely
to
.
[A]become more stable 变得更加稳定

[B]report increased earnings报道增加的收入
[C]do less well in the stock market
在股票市场做得不好
[D]perform worse in lawsuits 在法庭表现不好
【分析】：A B都是好结果，肯定不选。B选项与原文也不符，文章说restate
earnings的可能性增加了20%，而不是真的收入增加了。D选项与原文也不一致，文章只提到 being named in a
federal class-action lawsuit 被点名的几率增加了。所以选C 。

4---But the researchers believe that outside directors have an
easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a
firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they
were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. Firms who
want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have
to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the
example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.

不过研究者们相信，如果外部董事在利空消息出现之前离开公司，他们将能更轻松地避免自己的名声受损，即便历史回顾表明错误正是发生在他们担任董事期间，情况也是如此。希望在困难时期留住其外部董事的公司，也许得创造出激励措施。否则，外部董事将会效仿Simmons女士的做法，重返学校仍能受欢迎。
24. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside
directors
.
[A]may stay for the
attractive offers from the firm 可以从所服务的公司获得丰厚的回报
[B]have often had records
of wrongdoings in the firm 常常拥有公司作弊的记录
[C]are accustomed to
stress-free work in the firm 习惯做公司里没有压力的工作
[D]will decline incentives
from the firm 将婉谢公司的奖励
【分析】：A符合Firms who want to keep their outside directors through
tough times may have to create incentives.
所以为正确答案。B无中生有，C无中生有D正反混淆。

25. The author's attitude toward the role of outside directors
is
.

[A]permissive
[B]positive

[C]scornful
[D]critical
【分析】：文章大部分的句子都是比较客观的，作者并没有直接表态，但是第三段的段尾句一个隐性的转折词Although a
correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad
performance at the firm is suggestive, 【but】it does not mean that
such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship.
从后面这个分句能体现出作者并不认为directors总是势利小人，所以是positive正面支持的态度。



21．B 22．D．
23．C
24.
A
25．B

• director [di´rektə] n.指导者；....长；导演 (初中英语单词)
• criticism [´kritisizəm] n.批评；评论(文) (初中英语单词)
• enormous [i´nɔ:məs] a.巨大地，很，极 (初中英语单词)
• paragraph [´pærəgrɑ:f] n.段；节 vt.将...分段 (初中英语单词)
• normal [´nɔ:məl] a.正规的 n.正常状态 (初中英语单词)
• supposed [sə´pəuzd] a.想象的；假定的 (初中英语单词)
• wealth [welθ] n.财富，财产 (初中英语单词)
• elsewhere [,elsweə] ad.在别处；向别处 (初中英语单词)
• departure [di´pɑ:tʃə] n.离开，出发 (初中英语单词)
• federal [´fedərəl] a.联邦的，联邦制的 (初中英语单词)
• stable [´steibəl] n.马棚 a.稳固的 (初中英语单词)
• review [ri´vju:] v.&n.复习；回顾；检查 (初中英语单词)
• otherwise [´ʌðəwaiz] ad.另外 conj.否则 (初中英语单词)
• decade [´dekeid] n.十年(间) (高中英语单词)
• apparently [ə´pærəntli] ad.显然，表面上地 (高中英语单词)
• probability [,prɔbə´biliti] n.或有；可能性 (高中英语单词)
• subsequent [´sʌbsikwənt] a.其次的；其后的 (高中英语单词)
• taking [´teikiŋ] a.迷人的 n.捕获物 (英语六级单词)
• presumably [pri´zju:məbli] ad.推测起来；大概 (英语六级单词)
• disagree [,disə´gri:] vi.不同意 (英语六级单词)
• earnings [´ə:niŋz] n.收益；报酬；获得 (英语六级单词)
• suggestive [sə´dʒestiv] a.暗示的；启发的 (英语六级单词)