which has been estimated by Sir William Herschel as scarcely 100
miles in
thickness, must have the appearance of a narrow band
of light passing through the
zenith 12,000 miles above his head.
As the
observer, however, increases his
latitude either north
or south, the band will gradually widen out into three detached
and concentric rings, of which the innermost, dark though transparent,
is 9,625 miles in
breadth; the
intermediate one, which is brighter
than the
planet itself, being 17,605 miles broad; and the outer,
of a dusky hue, being 8,660 miles broad.
Such, they read, is the general
outline of this strange appendage,
which revolves in its own plane in 10 hours 32 minutes.
Of what matter it is
composed, and how it resists disintegration,
is still an unsettled question; but it might almost seem
that the Designer of the
universe, in permitting its
existence,
had been
willing to
impart to His
intelligent creatures the manner
in which
celestial bodies are evolved, and that this remarkable
ring-system is a
remnant of the
nebula from which Saturn
was himself developed, and which, from some unknown cause,
has become solidified. If at any time it should disperse,
it would either fall into fragments upon the surface of Saturn,
or the fragments, mutually coalescing, would form additional
satellites to
circle round the
planet in its path.
To any
observer stationed on the
planet, between the extremes of lat.
45 degrees on either side of the
equator, these wonderful rings would
present various strange
phenomena. Sometimes they would appear as an
illuminated arch, with the shadow of Saturn passing over it like the hour-hand
over a dial; at other times they would be like a semi-aureole of light.
Very often, too, for periods of several years, daily eclipses of the sun
must occur through the interposition of this
triple ring.
Truly, with the
constant rising and
setting of the satellites,
some with bright discs at their full, others like silver crescents,
in quadrature, as well as by the encircling rings, the aspect
of the heavens from the surface of Saturn must be as impressive
as it is gorgeous.
Unable, indeed, the Gallians were to realize all the marvels of this
strange world. After all, they were practically a thousand times
further off than the great astronomers have been able to approach
by means of their giant
telescopes. But they did not complain;
their little comet, they knew, was far safer where it was;
far better out of the reach of an
attraction which, by
affecting
their path, might have annihilated their best hopes.
The distances of several of the brightest of the fixed stars have
been estimated. Amongst others, Vega in the
constellation Lyra
is 100 millions of millions of miles away; Sirius in Canis Major,
123 millions of millions; the Pole-star, 282 millions of millions;
and Capella, 340 millions of millions of miles, a figure represented
by no less than fifteen digits.
The hard numerical statement of these
enormous figures, however,
fails
altogether in any
adequate way to
convey a due impression
of the
magnitude of these distances. Astronomers, in their ingenuity,
have endeavored to use some other basis, and have found "the
velocity of light" to be
convenient for their purpose.
They have made their representations something in this way:
"Suppose," they say, "an
observer endowed with an
infinite length of vision:
suppose him stationed on the surface of Capella; looking thence
towards the earth, he would be a
spectator of events that had happened
seventy years
previously;
transport him to a star ten times distant,
and he will be reviewing the terrestrial
sphere of 720 years back;
carry him away further still, to a star so
remote that it requires
something less than nineteen centuries for light to reach it,
and he would be a
witness of the birth and death of Christ;
convey him further again, and he shall be looking upon the dread
- bargain [´bɑ:gin] n.买卖合同 v.议(价) (初中英语单词)
- miserable [´mizərəbəl] a.悲惨的;可怜的 (初中英语单词)
- driven [´driv(ə)n] drive 的过去分词 (初中英语单词)
- acting [´æktiŋ] a.代理的 n.演戏 (初中英语单词)
- properly [´prɔpəli] ad.适当地;严格地 (初中英语单词)
- vessel [´vesəl] n.容器;船;脉管 (初中英语单词)
- absence [´æbsəns] n.不在,缺席;缺乏 (初中英语单词)
- prospect [´prɔspekt, prəs´pekt] n.景色;境界 v.勘察 (初中英语单词)
- lieutenant [lef´tenənt] n.陆军中尉;代理;副手 (初中英语单词)
- extensive [ik´stensiv] a.广阔的;大量的 (初中英语单词)
- agricultural [ægri´kʌltʃər(ə)l] a.农业的 (初中英语单词)
- nevertheless [,nevəðə´les] conj.&ad.然而;不过 (初中英语单词)
- career [kə´riə] n.经历;生涯;职业 (初中英语单词)
- arrival [ə´raivəl] n.到达;到达的人(物) (初中英语单词)
- commence [kə´mens] vt.&vi.开始 (初中英语单词)
- harvest [´hɑ:vist] n.&v.收获;收割 (初中英语单词)
- retire [ri´taiə] v.撤退;退职;退休 (初中英语单词)
- existence [ig´zistəns] n.存在;生存;生活 (初中英语单词)
- expedition [,ekspi´diʃən] n.远征;探险;迅速 (初中英语单词)
- account [ə´kaunt] vi.说明 vt.认为 n.帐目 (初中英语单词)
- absolutely [´æbsəlu:tli] ad.绝对地;确实 (初中英语单词)
- stream [stri:m] n.河 vi.流出;飘扬 (初中英语单词)
- substitute [´sʌbstitju:t] n.代理人 v.代替,取代 (初中英语单词)
- anxiety [æŋ´zaiəti] n.挂念;渴望;焦虑的事 (初中英语单词)
- altogether [,ɔ:ltə´geðə] ad.完全;总而言之 (初中英语单词)
- affect [ə´fekt] vt.影响;感动;假装 (初中英语单词)
- planet [´plænit] n.行星 (初中英语单词)
- equally [´i:kwəli] ad.相等地;平等地 (初中英语单词)
- reference [´refərəns] n.参考;参照;出处 (初中英语单词)
- comparatively [kəm´pærətivli] ad.比较地;比较上 (初中英语单词)
- primary [´praiməri] a.主要的 n.居首位的 (初中英语单词)
- remote [ri´məut] a.遥远的;偏僻的 (初中英语单词)
- brilliant [´briliənt] a.灿烂的;杰出的 (初中英语单词)
- observer [əb´zə:və] n.遵守者;观察员 (初中英语单词)
- outline [´autlain] n.外形 vt.画出…轮廓 (初中英语单词)
- willing [´wiliŋ] a.情愿的,乐意的 (初中英语单词)
- intelligent [in´telidʒənt] a.聪明的;理智的 (初中英语单词)
- circle [´sə:kəl] n.圆圈 v.环绕;盘旋 (初中英语单词)
- constant [´kɔnstənt] a.坚定的;坚贞的 (初中英语单词)
- enormous [i´nɔ:məs] a.巨大地,很,极 (初中英语单词)
- adequate [´ædikwit] a.足够的;适当的 (初中英语单词)
- convey [kən´vei] vt.运送;传达;转让 (初中英语单词)
- convenient [kən´vi:niənt] a.方便的 (初中英语单词)
- transport [træn´spɔ:t] n.运输;流放 (初中英语单词)
- witness [´witnis] n.见证人 vt.目击 (初中英语单词)
- monopoly [mə´nɔpəli] n.垄断(权);专利事业 (高中英语单词)
- legitimate [li´dʒitimit] a.合法的 vt.使合法 (高中英语单词)
- bearing [´beəriŋ] n.举止;忍耐;关系 (高中英语单词)
- hitherto [,hiðə´tu:] ad.至今,迄今 (高中英语单词)
- confident [´kɔnfidənt] a.有信心的,自信的 (高中英语单词)
- intervene [,intə´vi:n] vi.干涉;插进 (高中英语单词)
- cultivation [,kʌlti´veiʃən] n.耕作;培养 (高中英语单词)
- volcano [vɔl´keinəu] n.火山 (高中英语单词)
- underground [,ʌndə´graund] ad.&a.地下(的) (高中英语单词)
- consequently [´kɔnsikwəntli] ad.因此,所以 (高中英语单词)
- destiny [´destini] n.命运 (高中英语单词)
- heavenly [´hevənli] a.天的,天空的 (高中英语单词)
- symptom [´simptəm] n.症状,症候 (高中英语单词)
- approximately [ə´prɔksimətli] ad.近似地,几乎正确地 (高中英语单词)
- extremity [ik´stremiti] n.末端;危机 (高中英语单词)
- conspicuous [kən´spikjuəs] a.显著的;出众的 (高中英语单词)
- rejoicing [ri´dʒɔisiŋ] n.高兴;欢呼 (高中英语单词)
- mortal [´mɔ:tl] a.致命的 n.凡人 (高中英语单词)
- minimum [´miniməm] n.最小量 a.最小的 (高中英语单词)
- considerably [kən´sidərəbli] ad.显著地;十分 (高中英语单词)
- telescope [´teliskəup] n.望远镜 (高中英语单词)
- impart [im´pɑ:t] vt.传授;赋予;告知 (高中英语单词)
- indispensable [,indi´spensəbəl] a.绝对必要的 (高中英语单词)
- inclination [,inkli´neiʃən] n.倾斜;爱好;天资 (高中英语单词)
- contribution [,kɔntri´bju:ʃən] n.贡献;捐献;投稿 (高中英语单词)
- thickness [´θiknis] n.厚;浓;粗;稠密 (高中英语单词)
- latitude [´lætitju:d] n.纬度;地区 (高中英语单词)
- breadth [bredθ] n.宽度,幅面,广度 (高中英语单词)
- universe [´ju:nivə:s] n.天地;全人类;银河系 (高中英语单词)
- celestial [si´lestiəl] a.天空的,天的 (高中英语单词)
- remnant [´remnənt] n.残(剩)余 a.剩余的 (高中英语单词)
- attraction [ə´trækʃən] n.吸引(力);引力 (高中英语单词)
- amongst [ə´mʌŋst] prep.其中之一 =among (高中英语单词)
- infinite [´infinit] a.无限的,无穷的 (高中英语单词)
- spectator [spek´teitə] n.观众,旁观者 (高中英语单词)
- previously [´pri:viəsli] ad.预先;以前 (高中英语单词)
- sphere [sfiə] n.圆体;天体;范围 (高中英语单词)
- packet [´pækit] n.盒 vt.…打成小包 (英语四级单词)
- permanently [´pə:mənəntli] ad.永久地;持久地 (英语四级单词)
- elapse [i´læps] n.&vi.(时间)流逝 (英语四级单词)
- accomplished [ə´kʌmpliʃt] a.完成了的;熟练的 (英语四级单词)
- warming [´wɔ:miŋ] n.暖和;加温 (英语四级单词)
- volcanic [vɔl´kænik] a.(象)火山的;爆发的 (英语四级单词)
- saturn [´sætən, -ərn] n.农神 (英语四级单词)
- consolation [,kɔnsə´leiʃən] n.安慰,慰问 (英语四级单词)
- circumference [sə´kʌmfərəns] n.圆周;周围;(圆)周线 (英语四级单词)
- magnificence [mæg´nifisns] n.壮丽;宏伟;豪华 (英语四级单词)
- equator [i´kweitə] n.赤道 (英语四级单词)
- composed [kəm´pəuzd] a.镇静自若的 (英语四级单词)
- nebula [´nebjulə] n.喷雾剂;星云 (英语四级单词)
- setting [´setiŋ] n.安装;排字;布景 (英语四级单词)
- constellation [,kɔnstə´leiʃən] n.星座;灿烂的一群 (英语四级单词)
- magnitude [´mægnitju:d] n.宏大;重要性;大小 (英语四级单词)
- hypocrite [´hipəkrit] n.伪善者;伪君子 (英语六级单词)
- avarice [´ævəris] n.贪婪,贪心 (英语六级单词)
- landing [´lændiŋ] n.登陆;降落;楼梯平台 (英语六级单词)
- erection [i´rekʃən] n.直立,建立;建筑物 (英语六级单词)
- sanguine [´sæŋgwin] a.血红的 n.血红色 (英语六级单词)
- hundredth [´hʌndridθ] num.第一百(个) (英语六级单词)
- density [´densiti] n.浓(稠)密;密度 (英语六级单词)
- triple [´tripəl] a.三倍的v.增加到三倍 (英语六级单词)
- zenith [´ziniθ] n.天顶,顶点;全盛 (英语六级单词)
- intermediate [,intə´mi:diət] a.中间的 (英语六级单词)
- designer [di´zainə] n.设计者 (英语六级单词)
- phenomena [fi´nɔminə] phenomenon的复数 (英语六级单词)