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3. These nine planets, together with the sun, make up what is called our solar system.
8
Unit 2(第 3-----5 讲)
make up 意思是"构成"；另有"由…构成"的几个表达法： be made up of be composed of consist of
what 引导的是名词性从句，此处是宾语从句。
4. How this wonderful system started and what kept it working with such wonderful accuracy is largely a mystery but astronomers tell us that it is only one of millions of similar systems in space, and one of the smallest.
本句为并列复合句，but 是并列连词，前一分句有 how …和 what…两个主语从句，后一分句有 that…宾语从 句； 动词 keep 在此是使动用法， 表示"使…处于…状态"， 可用于下面的结构： keep
+ 宾语 + doing / done
/ adj. / adv. / prep. / to do
第二段：
（doing / done / adj. / adv. / prep. / to do 是宾语补足语成分）
1. The stars which we see glittering in the sky on a dark and cloudless night are almost certainly the suns of other solar systems more or less like our own, but they are so far away in space that it is unlikely that we shall ever get to know very much about them.
本句为并列复合句，but 是并列连词，前一分句有定语从句 which we see glittering … cloudless night，该定 语从句中，glittering 是宾语补足语成分；后一分句有 so … that …结构，that 引导的是结果状语从句，该结果状 语从句中，it 是形式主语，that 引导的从句是真正主语；more or less 意思是"或多或少"；it is unlikely / impossible that 意思是"不可能"。
2. About our own solar system, however, we learning more every day.
About our own solar system 可置于该句最后，因而有 learn about 搭配，表示"了解"；however（然而）是插入
9
Unit 2(第 3-----5 讲)
语。 第三段：
1. Before the American and Russian astronauts made their thrilling journeys into outer space it was difficult for us to realise what our earth looked like from hundreds of thousands of miles away, but the photographs which the astronauts were able to take show us the earth in space looking not very different from what the moon looks like when we look at it from the earth.
本句为并列复合句，but 是并列连词，前一分句中，before 引导时间状语从句，主句中含有 what 引导的宾语 从句； hundreds of thousands of 意思是"数以十万的"； 后一分句中有 which 引导的定语从句， what 引导的宾语从句， when 引导的时间状语从句；were able to do…表示"成功地做了…"。试比较：
2. The earth is, however, very different from the moon, which the American astronauts have found to be without life or vegetation, whereas our earth is very much alive in every respect.
which 引导的是非限制性定语从句， 修饰前面的 the moon，在从句中充当宾语，to be without life or vegetation 是宾语补足语；whereas 意思是"而"；in every respect 意为"在每一方面"。
3. The moon, by the way, is called a satellite because it goes round our earth as well as round the sun.
by the way 意思是"顺便说一下"；as well as 意为"不仅…而且…"。但和 not only … but also … 结构有区别， 当使用 as well as 时， 被强调的成分在前， 而在 not only … but also 结构中， 被强调的成分在后。 例如： have studied I French as well as English. = I have studied not only English but also French.
4. In other words, it goes round the sun with our earth.
in other words 意思是"换句话说"。
1. The surface of our earth is covered by masses of land and larger areas of water.
10
Unit 2(第 3-----5 讲)
本句是被动结构；mass 意为"团、块"。
2. Let us consider the water areas first.
本句中，consider 是动词原形，因为 let 后面的宾语补足语的不定式符号"to"必须省略。
3. The total water area is about three times as large as the land area. three times as large as…意思是"…的三倍大"，可改为：twice larger than …（比…大两倍），或： three times the size of …（…的三倍大）。倍数的表达法有： A is + 数词 + times + as + adj. + as B. A is + 数词 + times + 比较级 + than B.
A is + 数词 + times + the + 名词 + of B.
4. The very large separate areas of water are called "oceans" and the lesser areas are called "seas".
lesser 是 little 的比较级之一，意思是"较小的、较少的"，该词仅作定语成分。 第五段：
1. In most of the oceans and seas some of the water is found to be flowing in a particular direction--that is to say, from one part towards another part of the ocean or sea concerned.
11
Unit 2(第 3-----5 讲)
to be flowing …是不定式的进行式，在句中充当主语补足语，表示正在进行；direction 前面的介词用 in；that is to say 意思是"也就是说"；concerned 意为"有关的"。
2. The water which is flowing in this manner is said to be moving as a "current".
which is flowing in this manner 是定语从句；be said to …意思是"据说…"；该句中也出现了不定式的进行式 结构，用法同上句。
3. There are many thousands of currents in the waters of the oceans and seas, but only certain of the stronger and better marked currents are specially named and of great importance.
many thousands of 意思是"成千上万"，相当于 thousands of，若在 thousand 前面出现数词，thousand 则须以单 数形式出现，且后面也不能出现介词 of；certain 是第二分句的主语，意思是"某些"，因为 certain of 后面的 the stronger and better marked currents 是复数，所以 certain 也是复数概念，故谓语动词是 are。
4. These currents are important because they affect the climate of the land areas close to where they flow and also because they carry large quantities of microscopic animal and vegetable life which forms a large part of the food for fishes.
close to 意思是"靠近、在附近、接近于"；large quantities of 意为"大量的"，修饰不可数名词。 第六段：
1. The nature and characteristics of the surface of the land areas of the earth vary a great deal from area to area and from place to place.
该句谓语动词是 vary，后面常与 from … to …搭配。
2. The surface of some areas consists largely of high mountains and deep valleys whilst, in other areas, most of the surface consists of plains.
consist of 意思是"由…组成"，相当于 be made up of 和 be composed of，consist of 只有主动语态，没有被动语 态，却表示被动意义；whilst 等于 while，意思是"而"。
12
Unit 2(第 3-----5 讲)
3. If one made a journey over the Continents one would find every kind of surface including mountain ranges, plains, plateaux, deserts, tropical forestland and empty areas covered permanently by ice and snow.
该句是非真实条件句， 从句动词为 made， 主句动词为 would find， 可视为表示将来时间； covered permanently by … 是过去分词短语，修饰 empty areas，可改为定语从句 which are covered permanently by …。 第七段：
1. When thinking and learning about the world we should not forget that our world is the home of a very great many different people--peoples with different coloured skins, living very different lives and having very different ideas about a great many important things such as religion, government, education and social behaviour.
本段仅一句， when thinking and learning about the world 是"when + 现在分词短语"构成的时间状语， should we not forget 是主句，后面是 that 引导的宾语从句；learn about 意思是"了解"；a very great many 亦作 a great many 或 a good many，意思是"许多"；peoples 表示"民族"，是 people 的同位语，后有 with …, living …和 having …三个 短语并列作定语；such as 意思是"例如"。 第八段：
1. The circumstances under which different people live make a great difference between the way in which they live and the way in which we live, and it ought to be our business to try to understand those different circumstances so that we can better understand people of other lands.
第一分句中主语 the circumstances 后面有 under which 引导的定语从句，因为 which 指代 circumstances，而 circumstances 前面的介词常用 under；此处 circumstances 意思是"环境"，另有"情况"之意；make a difference 在此 表示"有差异"；the way 后面的定语从句是以 in which 引导的，也可以关系代词 that 引导，而且 in which 和 that 在 the way 后面都可以省略；第二分句中，it 是形式主语，真正主语是不定式短语 to try to understand …。
2. Above all, we should avoid deciding what we think about people different from ourselves without first having learned a great deal about them and the kind of lives they have to live.
13
Unit 2(第 3-----5 讲)
above all 意为"尤其是、特别是"；avoid 后面须接 doing，而不可接 to do 作宾语，故此处出现 avoid deciding 结构；这类动词有： finish, mind, suggest, enjoy, give up, can't help, avoid, escape, consider, delay, put off, postpone, admit, deny, practise, excuse, fancy, imagine, keep, miss, risk, appreciate
different from ourselves 是形容词短语，充当 people 的定语成分。
3. It is true to say that the more we learn about other people, the better we understand their ideas and, as a rule, the better we like those people themselves.
the more we learn about other people, the better we understand their ideas …译为：我们对别人越了解，就越能 理解他们的思想；该句含有"the + 比较级…，the + 比较级…"结构，表示"越…就越…"；as a rule 意思是"通常、 一般说来"。
14
8
Unit 2(第 3-----5 讲)
make up 意思是"构成"；另有"由…构成"的几个表达法： be made up of be composed of consist of
what 引导的是名词性从句，此处是宾语从句。
4. How this wonderful system started and what kept it working with such wonderful accuracy is largely a mystery but astronomers tell us that it is only one of millions of similar systems in space, and one of the smallest.
本句为并列复合句，but 是并列连词，前一分句有 how …和 what…两个主语从句，后一分句有 that…宾语从 句； 动词 keep 在此是使动用法， 表示"使…处于…状态"， 可用于下面的结构： keep
+ 宾语 + doing / done
/ adj. / adv. / prep. / to do
第二段：
（doing / done / adj. / adv. / prep. / to do 是宾语补足语成分）
1. The stars which we see glittering in the sky on a dark and cloudless night are almost certainly the suns of other solar systems more or less like our own, but they are so far away in space that it is unlikely that we shall ever get to know very much about them.
本句为并列复合句，but 是并列连词，前一分句有定语从句 which we see glittering … cloudless night，该定 语从句中，glittering 是宾语补足语成分；后一分句有 so … that …结构，that 引导的是结果状语从句，该结果状 语从句中，it 是形式主语，that 引导的从句是真正主语；more or less 意思是"或多或少"；it is unlikely / impossible that 意思是"不可能"。
2. About our own solar system, however, we learning more every day.
About our own solar system 可置于该句最后，因而有 learn about 搭配，表示"了解"；however（然而）是插入
9
Unit 2(第 3-----5 讲)
语。 第三段：
1. Before the American and Russian astronauts made their thrilling journeys into outer space it was difficult for us to realise what our earth looked like from hundreds of thousands of miles away, but the photographs which the astronauts were able to take show us the earth in space looking not very different from what the moon looks like when we look at it from the earth.
本句为并列复合句，but 是并列连词，前一分句中，before 引导时间状语从句，主句中含有 what 引导的宾语 从句； hundreds of thousands of 意思是"数以十万的"； 后一分句中有 which 引导的定语从句， what 引导的宾语从句， when 引导的时间状语从句；were able to do…表示"成功地做了…"。试比较：
2. The earth is, however, very different from the moon, which the American astronauts have found to be without life or vegetation, whereas our earth is very much alive in every respect.
which 引导的是非限制性定语从句， 修饰前面的 the moon，在从句中充当宾语，to be without life or vegetation 是宾语补足语；whereas 意思是"而"；in every respect 意为"在每一方面"。
3. The moon, by the way, is called a satellite because it goes round our earth as well as round the sun.
by the way 意思是"顺便说一下"；as well as 意为"不仅…而且…"。但和 not only … but also … 结构有区别， 当使用 as well as 时， 被强调的成分在前， 而在 not only … but also 结构中， 被强调的成分在后。 例如： have studied I French as well as English. = I have studied not only English but also French.
4. In other words, it goes round the sun with our earth.
in other words 意思是"换句话说"。
1. The surface of our earth is covered by masses of land and larger areas of water.
10
Unit 2(第 3-----5 讲)
本句是被动结构；mass 意为"团、块"。
2. Let us consider the water areas first.
本句中，consider 是动词原形，因为 let 后面的宾语补足语的不定式符号"to"必须省略。
3. The total water area is about three times as large as the land area. three times as large as…意思是"…的三倍大"，可改为：twice larger than …（比…大两倍），或： three times the size of …（…的三倍大）。倍数的表达法有： A is + 数词 + times + as + adj. + as B. A is + 数词 + times + 比较级 + than B.
A is + 数词 + times + the + 名词 + of B.
4. The very large separate areas of water are called "oceans" and the lesser areas are called "seas".
lesser 是 little 的比较级之一，意思是"较小的、较少的"，该词仅作定语成分。 第五段：
1. In most of the oceans and seas some of the water is found to be flowing in a particular direction--that is to say, from one part towards another part of the ocean or sea concerned.
11
Unit 2(第 3-----5 讲)
to be flowing …是不定式的进行式，在句中充当主语补足语，表示正在进行；direction 前面的介词用 in；that is to say 意思是"也就是说"；concerned 意为"有关的"。
2. The water which is flowing in this manner is said to be moving as a "current".
which is flowing in this manner 是定语从句；be said to …意思是"据说…"；该句中也出现了不定式的进行式 结构，用法同上句。
3. There are many thousands of currents in the waters of the oceans and seas, but only certain of the stronger and better marked currents are specially named and of great importance.
many thousands of 意思是"成千上万"，相当于 thousands of，若在 thousand 前面出现数词，thousand 则须以单 数形式出现，且后面也不能出现介词 of；certain 是第二分句的主语，意思是"某些"，因为 certain of 后面的 the stronger and better marked currents 是复数，所以 certain 也是复数概念，故谓语动词是 are。
4. These currents are important because they affect the climate of the land areas close to where they flow and also because they carry large quantities of microscopic animal and vegetable life which forms a large part of the food for fishes.
close to 意思是"靠近、在附近、接近于"；large quantities of 意为"大量的"，修饰不可数名词。 第六段：
1. The nature and characteristics of the surface of the land areas of the earth vary a great deal from area to area and from place to place.
该句谓语动词是 vary，后面常与 from … to …搭配。
2. The surface of some areas consists largely of high mountains and deep valleys whilst, in other areas, most of the surface consists of plains.
consist of 意思是"由…组成"，相当于 be made up of 和 be composed of，consist of 只有主动语态，没有被动语 态，却表示被动意义；whilst 等于 while，意思是"而"。
12
Unit 2(第 3-----5 讲)
3. If one made a journey over the Continents one would find every kind of surface including mountain ranges, plains, plateaux, deserts, tropical forestland and empty areas covered permanently by ice and snow.
该句是非真实条件句， 从句动词为 made， 主句动词为 would find， 可视为表示将来时间； covered permanently by … 是过去分词短语，修饰 empty areas，可改为定语从句 which are covered permanently by …。 第七段：
1. When thinking and learning about the world we should not forget that our world is the home of a very great many different people--peoples with different coloured skins, living very different lives and having very different ideas about a great many important things such as religion, government, education and social behaviour.
本段仅一句， when thinking and learning about the world 是"when + 现在分词短语"构成的时间状语， should we not forget 是主句，后面是 that 引导的宾语从句；learn about 意思是"了解"；a very great many 亦作 a great many 或 a good many，意思是"许多"；peoples 表示"民族"，是 people 的同位语，后有 with …, living …和 having …三个 短语并列作定语；such as 意思是"例如"。 第八段：
1. The circumstances under which different people live make a great difference between the way in which they live and the way in which we live, and it ought to be our business to try to understand those different circumstances so that we can better understand people of other lands.
第一分句中主语 the circumstances 后面有 under which 引导的定语从句，因为 which 指代 circumstances，而 circumstances 前面的介词常用 under；此处 circumstances 意思是"环境"，另有"情况"之意；make a difference 在此 表示"有差异"；the way 后面的定语从句是以 in which 引导的，也可以关系代词 that 引导，而且 in which 和 that 在 the way 后面都可以省略；第二分句中，it 是形式主语，真正主语是不定式短语 to try to understand …。
2. Above all, we should avoid deciding what we think about people different from ourselves without first having learned a great deal about them and the kind of lives they have to live.
13
Unit 2(第 3-----5 讲)
above all 意为"尤其是、特别是"；avoid 后面须接 doing，而不可接 to do 作宾语，故此处出现 avoid deciding 结构；这类动词有： finish, mind, suggest, enjoy, give up, can't help, avoid, escape, consider, delay, put off, postpone, admit, deny, practise, excuse, fancy, imagine, keep, miss, risk, appreciate
different from ourselves 是形容词短语，充当 people 的定语成分。
3. It is true to say that the more we learn about other people, the better we understand their ideas and, as a rule, the better we like those people themselves.
the more we learn about other people, the better we understand their ideas …译为：我们对别人越了解，就越能 理解他们的思想；该句含有"the + 比较级…，the + 比较级…"结构，表示"越…就越…"；as a rule 意思是"通常、 一般说来"。
14
- scientific [,saiən´tifik]
a.科学(上)的 (初中英语单词) - marble [´mɑ:bəl] n.大理石 a.大理石的 (初中英语单词)
- boundary [´baundəri] n.界线，边界 (初中英语单词)
- behave [bi´heiv] v.举止；表现；举止端正 (初中英语单词)
- observer [əb´zə:və] n.遵守者；观察员 (初中英语单词)
- horizon [hə´raizən] n.地平线；范围；视野 (初中英语单词)
- energy [´enədʒi] n.活力，精力；能力 (初中英语单词)
- research [ri´sə:tʃ] n.&vi.调查；探究；研究 (初中英语单词)
- invisible [in´vizəbəl] a.看不见的；无形的 (初中英语单词)
- companion [kəm´pæniən] n.同伴；同事；伴侣 (初中英语单词)
- advanced [əd´vɑ:nst] a.先进的；高级的 (初中英语单词)
- planet [´plænit] n.行星 (初中英语单词)
- system [´sistəm] n.系统，体系，制度 (初中英语单词)
- working [´wə:kiŋ] a.工人的；劳动的 (初中英语单词)
- mystery [´mistəri] n.神秘；秘密；故弄玄虚 (初中英语单词)
- learning [´lə:niŋ] n.学习；学问；知识 (初中英语单词)
- whereas [weər´æz] conj.鉴于；因此；而 (初中英语单词)
- affect [ə´fekt] vt.影响；感动；假装 (初中英语单词)
- climate [´klaimit] n.气候；特殊气候地带 (初中英语单词)
- vegetable [´vedʒtəbəl] a.&n.蔬菜(的)；植物 (初中英语单词)
- postpone [pəust´pəun] v.延迟；搁置；延缓发作 (初中英语单词)
- practise [´præktis] v.实践(行，施)；提倡 (初中英语单词)
- phenomenon [fi´nɔminən] n.现象；奇迹；珍品 (高中英语单词)
- collapse [kə´læps] vi.&n.崩溃；病倒；衰败 (高中英语单词)
- continually [kən´tinjuəli] ad.不断地，频繁地 (高中英语单词)
- intense [in´tens] a.强烈的；紧张的 (高中英语单词)
- differently [´difrentli] ad.不同地，有差别地 (高中英语单词)
- specific [spi´sifik] a.具体的；特有的 (高中英语单词)
- massive [´mæsiv] a.厚实的；魁伟的 (高中英语单词)
- accuracy [´ækjurəsi] n.准确(性)；精密度 (高中英语单词)
- studied [´stʌdid] a.故意的；有计划的 (高中英语单词)
- specially [´speʃəli] ad.专门地；特别地 (高中英语单词)
- whilst [wailst] conj.当…时候；虽然 (高中英语单词)
- tropical [´trɔpikəl] a.热带地区的 (高中英语单词)
- learned [´lə:nid] a.有学问的，博学的 (高中英语单词)
- convincing [kən´vinsiŋ] a.有说服力的；有力的 (英语四级单词)
- totally [´təutəli] ad.统统，完全 (英语四级单词)
- composed [kəm´pəuzd] a.镇静自若的 (英语四级单词)
- vegetation [,vedʒi´teiʃən] n.植物；生长 (英语四级单词)
- lesser [´lesə] a.较小的；次要的 (英语四级单词)
- permanently [´pə:mənəntli] ad.永久地；持久地 (英语四级单词)
- normally [´nɔ:məli] ad.正常情况下；通常 (英语六级单词)
- density [´densiti] n.浓(稠)密；密度 (英语六级单词)
- einstein [´ainstain] n.爱因斯坦 (英语六级单词)
- august [ɔ:´gʌst] a.尊严的；威严的 (英语六级单词)
- satellite [´sætəlait] n.(人造)卫星；随从 (英语六级单词)
- observatory [əb´zə:vətəri] n.天文台；气象台 (英语六级单词)
- unlikely [ʌn´laikli] a.不像的；未必可能的 (英语六级单词)
- microscopic [,maikrə´skɔpik] a.(象)显微镜的 (英语六级单词)
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