since from time immemorial she has had a monarchial form of government.

The answer is that the conditions and circumstances in China are peculiar,
and are different from those prevailing in Japan and other countries.

In Japan it is claimed that the Empire was founded by the first Emperor,
Jummu Tenno, 660 B.C. and that the dynasty founded by him

has continued ever since. It is well known that the Chinese Imperial family
is of Manchu origin. The Ching dynasty was founded in 1644 by conquest,

not by succession. Upon the recent overthrow of the Manchu dynasty
it was found very difficult to find a Chinese, however popular and able,

who possessed the legal right of succeeding to the throne.
Jealousy and provincial feelings placed this suggestionabsolutely

beyond discussion. Disagreements, frictions, and constant civil war
would have ensued if any attempt had been made to establish a Chinese dynasty.

Another fact is that a large majority of the intelligent people of China
were disgusted with the system of monarchial government.

Thus it will be seen that for the sake of the peace and welfare of the nation
there was no other course for the people but to take a long jump

and to establish the present Republic. The law of evolution
has been very actively at work in China, and no doubt it will be

for her ultimate good, and therefore for the benefit of all mankind.
China is now an infantrepublic, but she will grow into

a healthy and strong youth. Her people have the kindest feeling
for the people of the elder republic across the Pacific.

There are excellent reasons why the two republics should be
in closer friendship. It is well known that there are great potentialities

for the expansion of trade in China, and as the Philippine Islands
are close to our shores, and the completion of the Panama Canal

will open a new avenue for the enlargement of trade from America,
it will be to the interest of both nations to stretch out their hands

across the Pacific in the clasp of good fellowship and brotherhood.
When this is done, not only will internationalcommerce greatly increase,

but peace, at least in the Eastern Hemisphere, will be better secured
than by a fleet of Dreadnaughts.

Chapter 4. America and China
America has performed great service for the Orient and especially for China.

If, however, the people of the latter country were asked to express their
candid opinion on the matter, the verdict would not be altogether pleasant,

but would be given with mixed feelings of gratitude and regret.
Since the formalopening of China to foreign trade and commerce,

people of all nationalities have come here, some to trade, some for pleasure,
some to preach Christianity, and others for other purposes.

Considering that the Chinese have a civilization of their own,
and that their modes of thoughts, ideas, and habits are, in many respects,

different from those of the western people, it is not surprising
that frictions and disputes have occasionally occurred

and that even foreign wars have been waged between China and the Occident,
but it is gratifying to observe that no force has ever been resorted to

against China by the United States of America. Now and then
troublesome questions have arisen, but they have always been settled amicably.

Indeed the just and friendly attitude taken by the American officials in China
had so won the esteem and confidence of the Chinese Government that in 1867,

on the termination of Mr. Anson Burlingame's term as American
Minister to Peking, he was appointed by the Manchu Government

as Chief of a special mission to America and Europe. In that capacity
he performed valuable services for China, although his work was unfortunately

cut short by his untimely death. The liberal and generous treatment
accorded to the Chinese students in America is another source of satisfaction.

They have been admitted freely to all educational institutions,
and welcomed into American families. In whatever school or college they enter

they are taught in the same way as the American boys and girls, and enjoy
equal opportunities of learning all that the American students learn.*

That America has no desire for territorialacquisition in China is well known.
During the Boxer movement the American Government took the lead

in initiating the policy of maintaining the open door,
and preserving the integrity of China, a policy to which

the other great powers readily consented. It was well known at the time,
and it is no breach of confidence to mention the fact here,

that Mr. John Hay, American Secretary of State, with the permission
of President McKinley, was quite willing that America's indemnity

demanded from China as her share of the compensation for losses sustained
during the Boxer upheaval, should be reduced by one-half,

provided the other powers would consent to similar reductions. Unfortunately,
Mr. Hay's proposal could not be carried out for want of unanimity.

However, to show the good faith, and the humane and just policy of America,
she has since voluntarily refunded to China a considerable portion

of her indemnity, being the surplus due to her after payment
of the actual expenses incurred. This is the second occasion on which

she has done this, although in the previous case the refund was smaller.
These are some of the instances for which the people of China

have good reasons to be grateful to America and her people.
--

* I need hardly say that our students are also well treated
in England, France, Germany, Japan, and other countries in Europe,

but I am dealing in this chapter with America.
--

There is, however, another side to the picture; the Chinese students
in America, who may be roughly calculated by the thousands,

and whose number is annually increasing, have been taught
democratic principles of government. These could not but be detrimental

to the welfare of the late Manchu Government. They have read the history
of how the American people gained their independence,

and naturally they have been imbued with the idea of inaugurating
a similar policy in China. Chinese merchants, traders, and others

who have been residing in America, seeing the free and independent manner
in which the American people carry on their government, learned, of course,

a similar lesson. These people have been an important factor
in the recent overthrow of the Manchu dynasty. Added to this,

the fact that America has afforded a safe refuge for political offenders
was another cause of dissatisfaction to the Manchus.

Thus it will be seen that the Manchu Government, from their point of view,
have had many reasons for entertaining unfavorable sentiments toward America.

This view I need hardly say is not shared by the large majority of Chinese.
Persons who have committed political offenses in their own country

find protection not only in America but in all countries in Europe,
Japan, and other civilized lands. It is an irony of fate

that since the establishment of the Chinese Republic,
Manchu and other officials under the old regime, now find secure asylums

in Hongkong, Japan, and Tsingtao, while hundreds of ex-Manchu officials
have fled to the foreign settlements of Shanghai, Tientsin,

and other treaty ports, so reluctantly granted by the late Manchu Government.
Thus the edge of their complaint against America's policy

in harboring political refugees has been turned against themselves,
and the liberality against which they protested has become their protection.

The more substantial cause for dissatisfaction with the United States is,
I grieve to say, her Chinese exclusionpolicy. As long as

her discriminating laws against the Chinese remain in force
a blot must remain on her otherwise good name, and her relations with China,

though cordial, cannot be perfect. It is beyond the scope of this chapter
to deal with this subject exhaustively, but in order to enable my readers

to understand the exact situation it is necessary to supply
a short historicalsummary. In 1868, on account of the pressing need

of good laborers for the construction of railways and other public works
in America, the Governments of China and the United States,

concluded a treaty which provided that "Chinese subjects
visiting or residing in the United States shall enjoy the same privileges,

immunities, and exemptions in respect to travel or residence
as may be enjoyed by the citizens or subjects of the most favored nation."

It was a treaty negotiated by that great American statesman, Secretary Seward,
and announced by the President of the United States to Congress

as a "liberal and auspicious treaty". It was welcomed by the United States
as a great advance in their international relations.

It had also the double significance of having been negotiated
by a Chinese special embassy, of which a distinguished American diplomat,

Mr. Anson Burlingame, who was familiar with the wishes and interests
of the American people, was the head.

But within a few years the labor unions on the Pacific coast
began to object to the competition of Chinese laborers.

Soon afterward the Chinese Government, to its intense surprise,
was informed that the President of the United States

had delegated a commission to come to Peking to solicit
an abrogation of the treaty clause to which reference has been made.

The Chinese Government was naturally unwilling to abrogate a treaty
which had been urged on her by the United States with so much zeal,

and which had so lately been entered upon on both sides with such high hopes.
Long and tedious negotiations ensued, and finally a short treaty

was concluded, the first and second Articles of which are as follows: