酷兔英语

章节正文

四、现在分词

10.25 现在分词的构成和性质

分词也是一种非限定动词。分词有现在分词和过去分词两种。现在分词由动词原形加词尾-ing构成,其具体构成法见本书6.3。表动作的现在分词的逻辑主语一般可在句中找到。

现在分词有时式和语态的变化:

主动语态 被动语态

一般式 doing being done

完成式 having done having been done

现在分词既有动词性质,又有形容词性质。

1)现在分词的动词性质表现在可有状语和宾语并组成现在分词短语。如:

(1)Going down town I met a friend. 我到市区时遇到一个朋友。(现在分词going有状语down town)

(2)Do you know that man carrying a large umbrella? 你认识那个拿着一把大雨伞的人吗?(现在分词carrying有宾语a large umbrella

现在分词的形容词性质表现在可用作定语等。如:

(3)He is a modest, understanding man. 他是一个谦虚而能谅解的人。(现在分词understanding用作定语)

10.26 现在分词的功用

现在分词在句中可用作表语、定语、状语、补语等。

1)用作表语,可有比较形式,亦可被very等副词所修饰。如:

(1)This story is very interesting. 这个故事是很有趣。

(2)This film is more exciting than any that I've ever seen. 这部影片比我所看过的都更令人激动。

2)用作定语,多置于它所修饰的名词之前。如:

(3)He is an attacking player. 他是一个攻击型的运动员。

(4)He asked an embarrassing question. 他提了一个令人难堪的问题。

现在分词有时也置于它所修饰的名词之后。这种现在分词往往相当于一个定语从句,表一时一事。如:

(5)This is Mr. Smith speaking. 我是史密斯先生。(电话用语)

(6)Oh, it's the cake burning. 噢,糕点烧焦了。

有些现在分词作为定语则必须置于它所修饰的名词之后,它已与其前的名词构成一种固定的搭配。如:

(7)This is nothing doing. 不行!(nothing doing是一固定词组,表示拒绝)

(8)Let's drop the subject for the time being. 让我们现在不再谈这个话题了吧。(for the time being是一固定词组)

(9)They've had rich harvests for three years running. 他们已连续三年获得丰收。(running常置于表示时间的名词之后表示"连续的")

用作定语的现在分词有两种。一种已转化为形容词,已无动词性质,不但可被副词very所修饰,而且可有比较的变化。另一种则仍有动词性质,不可被副词very所修饰,也没有比较的变化。试比较:

a promising man 一个有为的青年(已转化为形容词promising,无动词性质)

a leading comrade 领导同志(未转化为形容词,仍有动词性质)

常见的已转化为形容词的现在分词有alarming,amusing,astonishing,charming,daring,demanding,encouraging,confusing,disappointing,discouraging,exciting,grasping,interesting,inviting,misleading,pleasing,promising,refreshing,revealing,shocking,striking,surprising等。

但多数现在分词并未转化为形容词

a knowing smile 会意的微笑

developing countries 发展中国家

working people 劳动人民

running water 自来水

welcoming speeches 欢迎辞

a changing world 不断变化的世界

those stirring years 那些激动人心的岁月

a crushing blow 沉重一击

the neighbouring states 邻国

a standing committee 常务委员会

guiding principles 指导原则

有的现在分词和与其同根的形容词皆可用作定语。如:

differing systems 相异的制度 / different systems 不同的制度

varying prices 各不相同的价格 / various prices 各种(不同)的价格

由上面的两例可以看出,现在分词用作定语时有动词性质,具有能动性,而形容词则只表一种品质或性质。有时二者的意义则完全不同。如:loving 钟爱的 / lovely 可爱的

现在分词短语一般皆须置于其所修饰的名词之后,相当于一个定语从句,但较从句简洁,故多用于笔语中。如:

(10)A little child learning to walk often falls. 学走路的小孩常常跌跤。

(11)Houseplants requiring constant attention are not suitable for working couples with little spare time. 业余时间不多的双职工不宜养育经常需要护理的家种植物。

以上所举的现在分词及其短语皆是限制性定语。现在分词及其短语亦可用作非限制性定语。如:

(12)There I met a friend, fishing. 我在那里遇见一个朋友,他在钓鱼。

(13)He was a great realist, writing about ordinary men and women in their misfortunes. 他是一个伟大写实主义者,写了许多平凡的不幸中的人。

现在分词短语用作定语时,其所表的时间一般应与句中的谓语动词所表的时间相同。以上诸例皆是如此。但有时二者所表的时间亦可不同,尤其当现在分词表示经常或瞬间动作的时候。如:

(14)A young man writing novels came to speak to us yesterday. 一位写小说的青年昨天来向我们作报告。(现在分词writing=who write)

(15)Do you know the number of people coming to the party? 你知道来参加晚会的人数吗?(现在分词coming=who will come)

3)用作状语,表时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况。表时间时其动作可能发生于谓语动词的动作之前或其后,亦可能与谓语动词同时发生。现在分词用作状语时可置于句首,亦可置于句末,但表结果时常置于句末;表条件时则置于谓语之前或其后。如:

(16)Stepping carelessly off the pavement, he was knocked down by the bus. 他不小心离开了人行道,被公共汽车撞倒了。(表时间,发生于谓语动作之前,置于句首)

(17)He went out shutting the door behind him. 他出去后将门随手关上。(表时间,发生于谓语动作之后,置于句末)

(18)She broke her looking glass, dressing to go out. 她在外出前穿着时把镜子打破了。(二者同时发生,置于句末)

(19)While flying over the Channel, the pilot saw what he thought to be a meteorite. 飞过英吉利海峡时,驾驶员认为他看见了一颗陨星。(强调动作同时发生时,现在分词前可用when或while)

(20)Being sick I stayed at home. 我因病待在家中。(现在分词being常表原因)

(21)Seeing that it was raining, George put on his mackintosh. 鉴于下雨,乔治穿上了雨衣。(seeing that是一表原因的固定说法)

(22)Robert used the phone to cancel his lunch date with Basil, having suddenly remembered a previous engagement. 罗伯特打电话取消了他与巴兹尔吃午餐的约会,因为他突然想起已另有他约。(置于句末的现在分词完成式常表原因)

(23)According to this theory, a large meteor hitting the moon would melt the surface rock by the force of the collision. 根据此理论,一颗大流星落在月球上所产生的碰撞力就会使月球表面上的岩石熔化。(表条件,置于谓语之前)

(24)Sit down, Emma. You will only make yourself more tired, keeping on your feet. 坐下吧,埃玛。你老站着,只会弄得你更累。(表条件,置于谓语之后)

(25)Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage. 他们尽管了解这一切,还是要我赔偿损失。(表让步,置于句首)

(26)Finally we appealed to a famous doctor knowing it was very improper to ask him to work on a dog. 最后我们向一位名医呼救,虽然我们知道请他给一条狗治病是很不适宜的。(表让步,置于句末)

(27)The child fell, striking his head against the door and cutting it. 那孩子跌倒了,头碰在门上碰破了。(表结果,置于句末)

(28)He said that the leaves of his jasmine plant had turned yellow. He thought that it was due to a water shortage so he applied more water, only making things worse. 他说他的茉莉花的叶子变黄了。他想是缺水所致,于是多浇了水,结果反而更糟。(表结果,与only连用)

(29)He died a glorious death fighting the bandits for us. 他为我们与匪徒战斗,光荣牺牲了。(表方式)

(30)He sat in the armchair, reading the newspaper. 他坐在扶手椅上读报纸。(表伴随情况)

[注]有少数现在分词常放在某些形容词之前,起一种相当于副词的功用,往往意谓"极"或"非常"。如:freezing(biting,piercing) cold 极冷;burning(steaming,scorching) hot 极热;raving mad 疯狂;soaking wet 湿透

4)用作宾语补语,与其前的宾语构成复合宾语。具有这种复合宾语的谓语动词多为表示感觉的动词。如:

(31)I saw the naughty boy hitting the dog. 我看见那个顽皮的孩子打狗。

(32)I felt the house shaking. 我觉得房子在摇晃。

这样的动词还有find,hear,smell,observe,watch,notice,look at,listen to等。另外,有些使役动词如have,set,get,catch,keep,leave等亦可后接含有现在分词的复合宾语。如:

(33)We'll soon have you walking about again. 我们将很快地使你能再走动。

(34)Can you get the clock going again? 你能使这钟再走吗?

作为宾语补语的现在分词有时其前可有as,前面的动词多用regard,consider,describe,quote,picture,see,think of等。如:

(35)We consider this sentence pattern as being useful. 我们认为这种句型是有用的。(being可省去)

(36)They regarded the contract as having been broken. 他们认为合同已被破坏。

[注]有人认为上述句子中as后不是现在分词而是动名词

5)用作主语补语,多用于被动结构,与主语构成复合主语。如:

(37)He was seen going upstairs. 有人看见他上楼的。

(38)She was heard singing all the time. 人们听到她一直在唱。

10.27 现在分词的独立结构

现在分词可有其独立的逻辑主语。这种主语常常是名词或代词主格,置于现在分词之前,二者构成一种分词独立结构。现在分词独立结构常用作状语,置于句首或句末,偶尔也置于句中。现在分词独立结构多用在书面语中。

1)表时间。如:

(1)The dark clouds having dispersed, the sun shone again. 乌云已散去,太阳又普照大地了。

(2)The question being settled, we went home. 问题解决之后,我们就回家了。

2)表原因。如:

(3)The monitor being ill we'd better put the meeting off. 班长病了,我们最好还是延期开会吧。

(4)The river having risen in the night, the crossing was impossible. 夜里河水上涨,渡河不可能了。

3)表条件。如:

(5)Weather permitting, we'll have the match tomorrow. 天气允许的话,我们将于明天进行比赛。

(6)Other things being equal, I would buy the black dress not the white one. 其它方面如皆相同,我将买那件黑的衣服,不买那件白的。

4)表方式或伴随情况。如:

(7)Their room was on the third floor, it's window overlooking the sports ground. 他们的房间在三层楼上,窗户俯视着操场。

(8)He guiding her, they stumbled through the street. 他引着她,两个人蹒跚穿过那条街。

(9)He, God willing, would be in the village before the second next month. 他,如果情况允许,将于下月2日前来到这个村庄。

有时这种现在分词独立结构具有一种解释性的功能。如:

(10)We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我们加倍努力,每一个人就像于两个人的话。

(11)Only three fissile materials are known at present, these being uranium-235, uranium-233 and plutonium. 现在只知道三种可裂变物质,即铀-235,铀-233和钚。

现在分词独立结构之前可用介词with。介词with在此没有什么意义,只是比较口语化。如:

(12)With Mr. Ade taking the lead, they decided to set up a trading company. 以艾德先生为首,他们决定成立一个贸易公司。(用作方式状语)

(13)We went into a large waiting room with a large fan spinning overhead. 我们走进一个大候诊室,头上有一个大电扇运转着。(用作定语)

(14)With the whole meeting in uproar, the chairman abandoned the attempt to take a vote. 整个会议吵作一团,于是主席放弃了投票的企图。(用作原因状语)

10.28 现在分词的完成式

现在分词完成式所表的动作发生在谓语动词所表的动作之前,常用作状语,表时间和原因。表时间常置于句首,表原因时常置于句末或句首。如:

(1)Having noted down our names and addresses, the policeman dismissed us. 那警察把我们的姓名和地址记下之后就让我们走了。(表时间)

(2)I was unable to accept your invitation, having promised to accompany my mother to the concert. 我因已答应陪我母亲赴音乐会而不能接受你的邀请。(表原因)

(3)Not having met him, I cannot tell you what he is like. 我没有见过他,所以说不出他的模样。(表原因)

现在分词完成式一般不用定语,但也有例外。如:

(4)Any man having witnessed the attack is under suspicion. 任何目击此次袭击的人都有了嫌疑。

现在分词完成式亦可用于分词独立结构。如:

(5)My turn having come round, I was ushered into the examining room. 轮到我时,我就被引入考试室。

现在分词完成式有时可被现在分词一般式所代替。如:

(6)Passing through the wall of mud, they found a cheerful company assembled. 穿过土墙,他们发现有一伙人欢聚在一起。(passing=having passed)

有时表已完成的动作,但二者的含义稍有不同;前者与谓语动词无时隔,后者与谓语动词则有时隔。试比较:

(7)Locking the door, she went out. 她锁上门走了出去。(locking与went out无时隔)

(8)Having finished his pipe, he rose from the table. 他抽完了烟斗之后,从饭桌站了起来。(having finished与rose有时隔,以免唐突无礼)

10.29 现在分词的被动式

现在分词一般式和完成式皆有被动式。如:

(1)The house being built is a big project. 正在施工的那幢楼是一项很大的工程。(现在分词一般式被动式,用作定语)

(2)This having been said. Let us return to our subject. 道完了此事,让我们言归正传吧。(现在分词完成式,用于独立结构)

(3)Being surrounded, the enemy troops were forced to surrender. 敌军被包围了,结果被迫投降。(现在分词一般式被动式,用作原因状语)

(4)Did you see the boy being questioned by the police? 你看见那男孩受到警察审问了吗?(现在分词一般式被动式,用作宾语补语)

有时现在分词的一般式的被动式与其完成式的被动式完全同义,皆表示已完成的动作,这时用一般式的被动式较好。如:

(5)Being written in haste, the composition is full of mistakes. 这篇文章仓猝写就,因而错误百出。(being written较having been written好)

但现在分词一般式的被动式有歧义时,则应用现在分词完成式的被动式表已完成的动作。如:

(6)She rebuked herself for forgetting what she really knew quite well, having been told it often. 她常被告以此事,所以她责备自己忘记了她实已熟知的事。(如用being told it often,除可能具有having been told it often的含义外,也可能具有"经常被告诉"的意思)

10.30 现在式的否定式

现在式的否定式由not加现在分词构成。如:

(1)Not seeing John, I asked where he was. 我看不见约翰,于是问他在何处。(现在分词一般式的否定式)

(2)I left at noon, not staying to hear the commencement address by John Buchan. 我中午即离去,没有留下听约翰•布坎在毕业典礼上的演说。(现在分词一般式的否定式)

(3)Not being seen by any one, he escaped. 他趁无人看见时逃跑了。(现在分词被动式的否定式)

(4)Not having done it right, I tried again. 我由于没有做对,所以又试了试。(现在分词完成式的否定式)

10.31 垂悬的现在分词

现在分词用作状语时,其逻辑主语应与句子中的主语一致。如:

(1)He was lying on the couch, enjoying his pipe. 他躺在睡椅上吸着烟斗。

但有时现在分词的主语与其所在句中的主语并不一致,这种现在分词即所谓垂悬分词(dangling participle)。垂悬分词的逻辑主语有时是句中的非主语成分。如:

(2)Walking or sleeping, this subject was always in my mind. 不论是走路或是睡觉,我总是在想着这个问题。(walking or sleeping的逻辑主语是句中的my)

(3)Wiping the sweat from his brow, it seemed to Kunta that his people were always enduring one hardship or another. 孔塔抹去额上的汗珠,似乎觉得他的人民总是在受这样那样的苦。(wiping的逻辑主语是句中的Kunta)

有时现在分词的逻辑主语泛指"我们"。如:

(4)Using the electric energy, it is necessary to change its form. 我们使用电能时须改变其形式。

(5)Granting these differences, the service was a service. 我们姑且承认这些区别,但礼拜还是礼拜。

有时现在分词的逻辑主语须从上下文决定。如:

(6)Trying to sit up, the whole room had reeled. 他想坐起来,但觉得整个房间旋转。

(7)Entering the house, the door closed with a bang. 那人进了屋,门砰的一声就关上了。

有时现在分词用来表示说话人对所说的话表示一种态度,它们已变成固定词组,可以看作一种句子的独立成分。如:generally(strictly,etc.) speaking 一般(严格等)地说;judging from... 从....来判断;talking of ..... 说到....;allowing for.... 考虑到....;considering.... 考虑到....;counting..... 算上....;assuming ..... 假定....;supposing ..... 假定....;barring.... 除去....。

10.32 现在分词与不定式的比较

在复合宾语中,宾语补语既可用不定式,亦可用现在分词。二者的区别是:

1)不定式表动作的全过程,现在分词只表动作过程的一部分。如:

(1)I saw him go upstairs. 我看见他上楼去了。

(2)I saw him going upstairs. 我看见他上楼去的。

2)有时不定式表一次性动作,现在分词表重复性动作。如:

(3)She felt the tears roll down her cheeks. 她感到眼泪流了下来。(一次性动作)

(4)She felt the tears rolling down her cheeks. 她感到眼泪不断地流了下来。(重复性动作)

3)有时不定式表事实,现在分词表具有描写色彩。如:

(5)We saw the sun rise. 我们看见了日出。

(6)We saw the sun rising behind the trees. 我们看见太阳从树后出来。

4)有时因谓语动词的含义不同而须用不定式或现在分词。如:

(7)You should send your shoes to be repaired. 你应将鞋子送来以便修补。(必须用不定式)

(8)The explosion sent glass flying everywhere. 玻璃被炸得飞向四处。(必须用现在分词)

5)谓语动词have表"想要"时,其后则须用不定式。如:

(9)What would you have me do? 你想要我做什么呢?

谓语动词have表"使"时,其后也多用不定式。如:

(10)Have Smith come and see me. 叫史密斯来见我。(have在此有"吩咐"的意思)

谓语动词have表"允许"时,后接不定式和现在分词皆可,二者意义无甚区别。表"允许"的have常用于否定结构。如:

(11)I won't have you say such things. 我不许你这样讲话。

(12)I won't have you saying such things.

10.33 现在分词与动名词的比较

现在分词用作定语时,与动名词不同。首先,现在分词不重读,动名词则须重读。如: a ˊsleeping ˊchild 熟睡的孩子(现在分词不重读)

a ˊsleeping car 卧车(动名词须重读)。

其次,现在分词表示其所修饰的名词的动作,也可以说现在分词与其所修饰的名词在逻辑上具有主谓关系。动名词则表示其修饰的名词的性质,二者在逻辑上无主谓关系。再以上述两个短语为例,现在分词sleeping即表示其所修饰的名词child的动作,在逻辑上child是主语,sleeping是谓语。动名词sleeping则表示其所修饰的名词car的性质或用途,二者在逻辑上没有主谓关系。

再次,现在分词用作定语时,其前可有副词、形容词或名词,这些词皆与现在分词有密切关系。如:

a hard-working student 一个很用功的学生(现在分词working之前有副词hard,是working的状语)

a good-looking girl 一个漂亮的姑娘(现在分词looking之前有形容词good,是looking的表语)

a man-eating animal 一个吃人的动物(现在分词eating之前有名词man,是 eating的宾语)

动名词用作定语时,其前可以有形容词,但其形容词不是修饰动名词,而是修饰"动名词+名词"结构。如:

a big waiting room 一大间候车室(形容词big不修饰动名词waiting,而是修饰waiting room)

名词(代词)这后的现在分词常表进程,动名词常表事实。如:

(1)I saw him smoking. 我看见他在吸烟。(现在分词表进程,him不可变为his)

(2)I dislike him smoking. 我厌恶他吸烟。(smoking是动名词,因为him可变为his,全句=I dislike the fact that he smokes)

有些以-ing结尾的词到底是现在分词,还是动名词,语法家们意见不一。如:

(3)He is busy writing something. 他在忙于写东西。

有的语法家认为writing是现在分词,表方面(respect);有的语法家则认为是动名词,其前省去了介词in。

有一些现在分词已转化为介词,如regarding,concerning ,notwithstanding,considering,granting,according等。
关键字:薄冰英语语法
生词表:
  • speaking [´spi:kiŋ] 移动到这儿单词发声 n.说话 a.发言的 六级词汇
  • stirring [´stə:riŋ] 移动到这儿单词发声 a.活跃的;热闹的 四级词汇
  • fishing [´fiʃiŋ] 移动到这儿单词发声 n.钓鱼;捕鱼;渔业 四级词汇
  • collision [kə´liʒən] 移动到这儿单词发声 n.碰幢;冲突;互撞事件 六级词汇
  • improper [im´prɔpə] 移动到这儿单词发声 a.不恰当的;不正确的 六级词汇
  • shortage [´ʃɔ:tidʒ] 移动到这儿单词发声 n.不足(量);缺少 四级词汇
  • applied [ə´plaid] 移动到这儿单词发声 a.实用的,应用的 六级词汇
  • armchair [´ɑ:mtʃeə] 移动到这儿单词发声 n.扶手椅 四级词汇
  • upstairs [,ʌp´steəz] 移动到这儿单词发声 ad.在楼上 a.楼上的 四级词汇
  • taking [´teikiŋ] 移动到这儿单词发声 a.迷人的 n.捕获物 六级词汇
  • uproar [´ʌprɔ:] 移动到这儿单词发声 n.喧嚣;骚动;轰鸣,轰动 四级词汇
  • abandoned [ə´bændənd] 移动到这儿单词发声 a.被抛弃的;无约束的 六级词汇
  • commencement [kə´mensmənt] 移动到这儿单词发声 n.开始;毕业典礼(日) 六级词汇
  • enduring [in´djuəriŋ] 移动到这儿单词发声 a.持久的 六级词汇
  • good-looking [] 移动到这儿单词发声 a.漂亮的,美貌的 六级词汇


文章标签:英语语法    

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