酷兔英语

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第十九章 省略 倒装

一、 省略

19.1 概说

省略(ellipsis)在语言中,尤其在对话中,是一种普遍的现象,因为它有助于语言的简洁。关于词类的省略,本书在前面有关章节涉及,本章只讲述有关句法上的省略。

英语的句子可以省去各种句子成分。如:

(1)Like a drink? 来喝一杯?(省去主语you或助动词+主语would you)

(2)Her husband was banished, and she with him. 她的丈夫被流放了,她和她的丈夫一起也被流放了。(she之后省去谓语was banished)

(3)-I'm hungry. 我饿了。

-Are you? 是吗?(省去表语hungry)

(4)-Show me your essay. 给我看看你的文章。

-I'll show you later. 我以后给你看吧。(you后省去直接宾语my essay)

(5)He spent part of the money, and the rest he saved. 那钱他花了一些,其余的他都存了起来。(the rest之后省去定语of the money)

(6)I studied at Cambridge at the same time as he did. 我和他同时在剑桥大学学习。(did之后省去状语at Cambridge)

有时可省去一个以上的句子成分。如:

(7)I wanted silence, just silence. 我需要寂静,只是寂静。(just前省去主语I和谓语wanted)

有时甚至可省去从句或整个句子。如:

(8)He's taller than I thought. 他比我想像的要高。(thought后省去从句he was)

(9)-Have they arrived? 他们到了吗?

-Yes. 到了。(yes后省去整句they have arrived)

英语中与所省略部分相应的部分如在同一句子里,所省略的部分可能出现在与其相应部分之前,亦可能出现与其相应部分之后。如:

(10)If you want me to, I'll buy the tickets. 如你要我买票的话,我就去买。(to后的被省略的部分buy the tickets出现在与其相应部分之前)

(11)I'll buy the tickets if you want me to. (to后的被省略的部分buy the tickets出现在与其相应部分之后)

(12)I can't tell real from imitation jewellery. 我辨别不出珠宝的真伪。(real后的被省略的部分jewellery出现在与其相应部分之前)

省略句中的被省略部分和与其相应的部分有时并不相同。如:

(13)This is one of the oldest buildings in town, if not the oldest. 这是城里最古老的房屋之一,如果不是最古老的话。(句末the oldest之后省去的单形名词building和与其相应的复形名词buildings不相同)

英语中省略句所省去的部分有时可能有一种以上的解释。如:

(14)Get it? 根据不同的上下文,它可能相当于Do you get it?(=Do you understand?)也可能相当于Did you get it?(it可能指the letter或别的什么东西)

有时同一句中可能有几种不同的省略,如说:

(15)-He would have been going to leave at the end of term. 他到学期末本会离开的。

这句话可能有下列四种不同省略的回答:

-Yes, he would have been going to.

-Yes, he would have been.

-Yes, he would have.

-Yes, he would.

英语里被省略的部分一般可以在句子中补上,但有时省略结构已经定型,如把省略部补上,反而不合乎习惯。如:

(16)He is taller than I am. 他比我高。(am之后省去的表语tall习惯上不可补上)

(17)She is very easy to get along with. 她很好相处。(to get along with后省去的her不可补上,否则不但不合乎习惯,也不合乎语法)

有不少套语也都很难补上所省去的部分。如:

Thanks. 谢谢。

Not at all. 不谢。

Goodbye. 再见。

So what? 那又怎么样?

What next? 还有比这更荒唐的吗?

No matter. 不要紧。

Nothing doing! 不行!

All right. 好,行。

What price a ride on your bicycle? 用一下你的自行车行吗?

[注]有些套语的省略部分则可补上,如Come to think of it(仔细一想)=now that I come to think of it。再如What if it rains?(如果下雨怎么样?)=What will happen if it rains?

省略必须合乎英语的规律,如回答Have you seen John today?时,只可说Yes, I have,不可像汉语那样说Yes, I have seen。

省略和代替不同,如Do you smoke?的答语Yes, I do,其中的do是代替smoke,不是省略。

19.2 句子结构的省略

有些句子结构可省略。

1)有些句子结构可省去主语和谓语。如:

(1)Anything not to have to do it. 只要不去做此事,怎么都行。(anything之前省去了I'll do)

(2)A word about your composition. 我现在谈一下你的作文。(a word之前省去了I'll say)

2)有些省略结构可省去主语和连系动词。如:

(3)-How are you? 你好吗?

-Fine, think you. 很好,谢谢。(fine之前省去了I am)

(4)Though tired, he was not disheartened. 他虽然累了,但没有泄气。(tired之前省去了he was)

(5)Too bad we don't have time. 真糟糕,我们没有时间。(too bad之前省去了it is)

there be结构中亦可省去there be。如:

(6)Anybody in? 里面有人吗?(anybody之前省去了is there)

(7)It was a great time. Offers of jobs poured in. Lots of them. 那是一个伟大的时期。聘请工作的信雪片似的飞来。多得很。(lots of them之前省去了there are)

3)有些省略结构可省去主语和助动词。如:

(8)When rescued, he was almost dead. 当他得救时,已经差一点死了。(when之后省去了主语he和助动词was)

(9)Tom was attacked by cramp while swimming across the river. 汤姆游泳过河时抽了筋。(while之后省去了主语和助动词he was)

(10)See you later. 再见。(see之前省去了I'll)

(11)Got a light? 有火吗?(句首省去了have you)

4)有些省略结构只保留主语和助动词,其余皆被省略。如:

(12)-Have you finished your work? 你的工作干完了吗?

-Yes, I have. 是,干完了。(只保留主语和助动词I have)

(13)-Can he swim? 他会游泳吗?

-Yes, he can. 是,他会。(只保留主语和助动词he can)

有时还保留疑问词。如:

(14)How could you? 你怎么能这样说话?(不但保留主语和助动词could,而且保留疑问词how。You后省去say so)

5)有些省略结构只保留一个句子成分。如:

(15)-Who did it? 谁做了此事?

-Oscar. 奥斯卡。(只保留主语)

(16)-What did you get? 你买什么了?

-A dictionary. 一本字典。(只保留宾语)

(17)-What did you think of the film? 你觉得那个电影如何?

-Very interesting. 很有意思。(只保留表语)

(18)-How do you like me? 你喜欢我吗?

-Very much. 非常喜欢。(只保留状语)

(19)Wait! 等一等!(只保留谓语)

(20)-What kind of pencil do you want? 你要什么样的铅笔?

-Red. 红的。(只保留定语)

6)有些省略结构可省去从句。如:

(21)You would do the same. 你也会这样做的。(省去了从句if you were in my position)

(22)You have done better this time. 这一次你做得好些了。(省去从句than you did before)

(23)-Where is my cat? 我的猫在哪儿?

-How should I know? 我怎么知道?(省去了从句where your cat is)

(24)Oh, that reminds me. 噢,这使我想起了一件事。(me之后省去了that从句,其内容由具体情况而定)

7)有些省略结构可省去整个句子。如:

(25)-Are you all right? 你没有受伤吗?

-Yes. 没有。(yes之后省去了整句I'll all right)

(26)-Are you coming? 你来吗?

-No. 不。(no之后省去了整句I'm not coming)

19.3 句子成分的省略

各种句子成分均可省略。

1)主语的省略。祈使句可省去主语。如:

(1)Sit down, please. 请坐。

(2)Hand me the hammer, will you? 把锤子递给我好吗?

此外还有其它省去主语的情况。如:

(3)Don't know. 我不知道。(省去了主语I)

(4)Had a good time, didn't you? 玩得很好,不是吗?(省去了主语you)

(5)Doesn't look too well. 他脸色不太好。(省去了主语he或she)

(6)Looks like rain. 像是要下雨了。(省去了主语it)

there be结构中的there亦可作为主语省去。如:

(7)Must be somebody waiting for you. 一定是有人在等你。

在非正式文体中,定语从句在某些句子结构中也可以省去主语。如:

(8)There's somebody wants to see you. 有人想要见你。(定语从句中省去了主语who)

2)谓语的省略。有些省略结构可省去谓语。如:

(9)Only one of us was injured, and he just slightly.

(10)We went through the tests on Monday. Jenny had hers during the day, and I mine after work. 有一个星期一,我们进行了检查。詹尼在白天,我是在下班之后。(I之后省去了谓语had)

有时可省去谓语中的主要动词。如:

(11)We'll do the best we can. 我们将尽力而为。(can之后省去了主要动词do)

3)助动词的省略。有些省略结构可省去助动词,尤其是在口语中。如:

(12)You better try again. 你最好再试一下。(you之后省去了助动词had)

(13)You doing this on purpose? 你是故意在做此事?(you之后省去了助动词are)

(14)They been coming here a long time. 他们很久都想到这里来。(they之后省去了助动词have)

4)表语的省略。有些省略结构可省去表语。如:

(15)-Are you Mr. Smith? 你是史密斯先生吗?

-Yes, I am. 是的,我就是。(am之后省去了表语Mr. Smith)

(16)-Are these your friends? 这些人是你的朋友吗?

-Yes, they are. 是的,他们是我的朋友。(are之后省去了表语my friends)

(17)-He's a real man. 他是一个真正的人。

-Who is? 谁?(is之后省去了表语a real man)

5)连系动词的省略。有些省略结构可省去连系动词。如:

(18)Everybody gone. 人都走了吗?(句首省去了连系动词is)

(19)Where you from? 你是哪里人?(where之后省去了连系动词are)

(20)There was hardly a second of the day when the gun weren't rolling or those shells rustling through the air. 整天没有一刻炮不在轰,炮弹不在空中嗖嗖掠过。(shells之后省去了weren't)

在报纸标题中亦常省去连系动词。如:

(21)Johnson ready for Tokyo meet. 约翰逊准备参加东京运动会。(Johnson省去了连系动词is)

在富有诗意的文体中,有时也有省去连系动词的省略结构。如:

(22)She in tears. He gloomy and down-looking. 她泪流满面。他阴沉而眼朝下。(she和he之后省去了连系动词was)

whatever与however引导的让步状语从句可省去连系动词。如:

(23)She pledged to complete her father's unfinished task, whatever the cost. 她立誓不管付出多大代价也要完成其父的未竟事业。(whatever从句之末省去了was)

(24)I refuse, however favourable the conditions. 不管条件如何有利,我都不干。(however从句之末省去了are)

6)宾语的省略。有些省略结构可省去宾语。如:

(25)Keep away from children. 谨防儿童使用。(away之后省去了宾语this bottle等)

(26)Let's do the dishes. I'll wash and you dry. 让我们洗碗吧。我来洗,你来揩干。(wash与dry之后皆省去了宾语dishes)

(27)James and Susan often go to plays but James enjoys the theatre more than Susan does. 詹姆斯和苏珊都常观剧,但詹姆斯较苏珊更爱观剧。(Susan之后省去了the theatre)

7)定语的省略。有些省略结构可省去定语。如:

(28)If you need any of that firewood, I can give you plenty. 你如需要这些火,我可以给你很多。(plenty之后省去了定语of that firewood

(29)They claim that Danish butter is the finest. 他们声称丹麦牛油最好。(finest之后省去了定语in the world)

(30)That letter was the last. 那信是最后的一封。(last之后省去了定语从句I ever received from her)

8)状语的省略。有些省略结构可省去状语。如:

(31)Return soon as possible. 速归。(电报用语,soon之后省去了用作状语的副语as)

(32)He was not hurt. Strange! 他没有受伤。真奇怪!(strange前可看作省去了状语how)

(33)It's always dusty about here, if there's the least wind. 中要有一点点风,这里就到处是灰。(the least之前可看作省去了状语的副词even)
关键字:薄冰英语语法
生词表:
  • unfinished [´ʌn´finiʃt] 移动到这儿单词发声 a.未完成的,未完工的 四级词汇
  • firewood [´faiəwud] 移动到这儿单词发声 n.柴,薪 六级词汇
  • danish [´deiniʃ] 移动到这儿单词发声 a.&n.丹麦人(语)(的) 四级词汇


文章标签:英语语法  倒装    

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