Forget the rules: with anyons, anything goes. These denizens of two-dimensional worlds do not obey the normal, clean division of particles into fermions and bosons (see "Winos"), but lie somewhere between the two - an ambiguous status that led Nobel prizewinning particle theorist Frank Wilczekof the Massachusetts Institute of Technology to give them their name.
忘记规则:对于任意子,任何事情都会发生。这些二维世界的居民们不服从正常的,清晰的费米子和玻色子的划分(请参阅"Winos"),而是介于两者之间 ——这种模棱两可的状态导致麻省理工学院的诺贝尔奖获得者理论粒子物理学家Frank Wilczek给它们取了这个名字。
Conventional particles such electrons and photons can be regarded as aberrations in the energy of free space, as point-like "excitations" of the quantum vacuum. Similarly, anyons crop up as energetic excitations, each apparently carrying just a fraction of an electron's charge, in two-dimensional layers of some metals when exposed to a strong magnetic field.
像电子和光子这样的常规粒子可以被视为自由空间中的畸变,作为量子真空的点状"激发"。同样,任意子也是一些能量激发,每一个只是携带电子电荷的一部分,出现于处在强磁场中的一些金属的二维层里。
In such a situation, the moving parts are actually the photons of the magnetic fields and the free electrons of the metal. So why invent a new particle? For the same reason we invent things like protons, says Wilczek: they work. Protons are made up of quarks, but no one has ever seen a quark on its own, so it often makes sense, for example when describing how atomic nuclei work, to deal in protons. "In principle you could do without identifying the excitations as separate entities," says Wilczek. "But it would be awkward and perverse."
在这样的情况下,移动的部分实际上是磁场的光子和金属的自由电子。那么为什么要发明一种新的粒子?像我们发明质子一样,出于同样的原因,Wilczek 说:它们管用。质子是由夸克组成的,但没有人见过单独的夸克,因此作为质子来处理往往是有道理的,例如当描述原子核的行为时。 "原则上你可以不必假定这些激发作为独立的实体",Wilczek说。 "但是那会很不方便的。"
The advent of 2D materials such as graphene - the single layers of carbon atoms that earned Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov the Nobel prize in physics in 2010 - means anyons could soon be anyone's. Their unique characteristics also make them hot favourites to power a future generation of superfast quantum computers.
如二维材料石墨烯——单个层的碳原子,使得Andre Geim和Konstantin Novoselov获得2010年诺贝尔物理学奖的发现——的出现,意味着任意子可能很快就会走进任何一个人。其独特的性质也使它们成为下一代的超高速量子计算机的大热门。