二十一、美国哥伦比亚广播公司的造假丑闻

Executives at CBS News said today that Richard Thornburgh, a former governor of Pennsylvania, and Louis D. Boccardi, retired president and chief executive officer of The Associated Press, will conduct an independent investigation of how a flawed report about President Bush's National Guard service made its way onto the air. The two-person team will examine the process used to produce a report broadcast Sept. 8 that contended the president had received favorable treatment to enter the Texas Air National Guard and had not fulfilled all of the Guard's requirements, the executives said in a statement.

"CBS News acknowledged this week that it cannot prove the authenticity of disputed memos featured in the report and that, therefore, it was a mistake to use them," they said. "The two-person review panel will commence its work this week and will have full access and complete cooperation from CBS News and CBS, as well as all of the resources necessary to complete the task," the statement said. "The panel will report its findings to CBS News and CBS. The findings also will be made public."

In another measure of the troubles facing CBS lately, the Federal Communications Commission (F. C. C）. announced today that it will fine CBS a record $550,000 for this year's Super Bowl halftime show, in which Janet Jackson the entertainer bared her breast while performing with Justin Timberlake. The Super Bowl incident, which Ms. Jackson termed a "wardrobe malfunction", has prompted new scrutiny of indecency on the airwaves. And in the aftermath, the F.C.C. increased its maximum fines for broadcasting indecent material and many live broadcasts are now aired with delays of 5 to 10 seconds.

The reputation of CBS News, and that of Dan Rather, the anchor who presented the report, have been on the line since questions about documents used to bolster the report began to surface immediately after its broadcast. Twice this week, the network has had to make on-air mea culpas about its work and news gathering practices regarding the National Guard report about the president.

On Monday, the news division announced that Bill Burkett, the source for the questionable documents, had misled a CBS producer, Mary Mapes, and Mr. Rather, about the origins of the documents. In an interview with Mr. Rather shown earlier this week, Mr. Burkett admitted lying about their provenance, saying first that they came from a former Guard officer overseas and then that they came by way of a mysterious couple.

Then, on Tuesday, CBS said that Ms. Mapes had violated networkpolicy by putting Mr. Burkett in touch with Joe Lockhart, a top aide to Senator John Kerry. The rebuke of Ms. Mapes, also broadcast on "The CBS Evening News", has come with some disappointments within the respected news organization about whether news executives have been vigilant enough in asking hard questions about how the producer obtained documents.

1.An independent investigation will be conducted into a CBS report _____.

［A］ to negate its authenticity ［B］ about how and when it was broadcast

［C］ about its production procedure ［D］ to restore CBS News' credibility

2.Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?

［A］ CBS News has admitted its mistake of using "disputed memos".

［B］ CBS News and CBS will provide all the resources the review panel require.

［C］ The findings of the independent committee will be made public.

［D］ Bill Burkett told the truth about how he acquired the documents.

23.Because of the Super Bowl incident, _____.

［A］ CBS will face a severe fine for making a flawed report

［B］ F.C.C. will have strictinspection of broadcasting indecent material

［C］CBS News will choose to create the independent committee

［D］F. C. C. will increase its charge for the delayed live broadcasts

4."Make on-air mea culpas" (Line 3, Paragraph 4) probably means _____.

［A］ acknowledging the error ［B］ questioning the authenticity

［C］ finding excuses for the faults ［D］ rearranging the schedule

5.What can be inferred from the last two paragraphs?

［A］ The questionable documents are provided originally by a mysterious couple.

［B］ It is against CBS News regulations to be associated with any political agenda.

［C］ There is a fatal flaw in the checking procedures of many reputable news organization.

［D］ CBS News executives had to resign for the untruthful story about the President.

答案：1.C 2.D 3.B 4.A 5.B

核心词汇或超纲词汇

(1)flaw（n./v.）（产生）瑕疵/缺陷/裂痕

(2)make one's way前进，进行；成功，发迹

(3)authenticity（n.）确实性，真实性；authentic（a.）可信的，真正的，有根据的

(4)feature（n.）特征，特色，特写，特别报导（v.）以......为特色，给予特别注意

(5)malfunction（n.）故障，出错，失误

(6)indecency（n.）下流，不适当，下无礼的言行；indecent（a.）下流的，不恰当的；decent（a.）得体的，大方的；合适的，恰当的

(7)aftermath（n.）结果, 后果in the ~ of war战后时期

(8)bolster（n.）垫子（v.）支持（up）给予支持与鼓励

(9)provenance（n.）起源，出处

(10)vigilant（a.）警惕着的，警醒的vigilance（n.）警惕性

全文翻译

哥伦比亚新闻公司（CBS News） 的执行人员今天说："宾夕法尼亚前州长理查德• 桑伯格和前美联社社长兼首席执行官路易斯•博卡迪将成立独立的调查小组，调查一篇关于布什在国民警卫队服役的失实报道是如何被播放出来的"。执行人员在一份声明中指出："两人调查小组将检查制作这个报道的过程。9月8号播出的这篇报道声称，总统布什在进入德克萨斯空军共和卫队时受到了优先待遇，没有满足卫队所有的条件。"

执行人员也说："CBS News本周承认它不能证实报道中引用的有争议的备忘录的真实性，因此对于它们的使用是错误的"。声明中提到："二人调查组将于本周着手此项工作，将全面接触CBS News 和CBS而与之合作，并将得到完成这个任务所需要的全部资源。小组将把它的发现呈交给CBS News和CBS。这些发现也将公布于众。"

CBS最近面临的另一个麻烦是F. C. C.今天宣布因为今年的"超级碗"事件将对CBS实行高达55万美元的罚款。在"超级碗"中场表演中，演员珍妮特•杰克逊在和贾斯汀•汀布莱克演出时露出了她的胸部。被杰克逊女士称为"服装故障"的"超级碗"事件激起了新的对广播粗俗素材的调查。此后，F.C.C.还增加了对播放粗俗素材的最高罚款，许多现场直播节目现也在都延迟5至10秒播出。

因为对于支持该报道的材料的疑问在报道播出后立即浮出了水面，CBS News和该报道主播丹•拉瑟的名誉都面临着危胁。本周，该广播网络不得不两次对它的工作及为报道总统服役事件而收集新闻的行为道歉。

周一，新闻部门宣布，可疑文件的提供者比尔•博凯特在文件来源上误导了CBS的制片人玛丽•马柏斯和拉瑟先生。在这周和拉瑟先生的面谈中，博凯特先生承认就文件来源撒了谎，开始说它们来源于一位前国民警卫队成员，后来又说它们来源于一对神秘的夫妇。

因此，CBS于周二声明马柏斯女士让博凯特先生与议员约翰•凯瑞的高级副官接触是违反网络政策的。随着对马柏斯女士的指责在CBS晚间新闻的播出，同时出现的是这个著名新闻机构（即CBS）内部对其新闻执行人员在询问制作人如何获得可靠文件上的警惕性的失望。

二十二、一位荷兰艺术家及其作品

An overturned bus lies on a rural highway, split open like a disjointed limb. Emergency workers slowly mill about, but the purpose of their activity is not clear. A line of cars stretches into the distance, their occupants gazing indifferently on this putative accident.

The images come from "Refraction", a video by the Dutch artist Aernout Mik that opens tomorrow at the New Museum of Contemporary Art in Chelsea. The solo exhibition could bring about a new prominence for Mr. Mik, whose work has been shown with increasing frequency in Europe during the last decade but is not widely known in the United States. Nothing in "Refraction" is quite what it seems. The images are dreamlike, but shot in high-definition video that suggests a newscast gone strangely twisted. The video is about 30 minutes long, with no sound; it runs in a continuous loop and has anything but a narrative arc. It was shot in a single day on a lonely road in rural Romania using participants who received only vague instructions on how to act.

The work raises questions about our responses to catastrophe, tragedy and even traffic congestion. Mr. Mik says that "collective consciousness" is an important theme of his work, and he seems to approach his subjects as a sociologist - or entomologist - might. It's not about character, he said in an interview, after flying in from Amsterdam for the opening of the exhibition. "It's always about the individual in a relatively small, or relatively bigger group, being in its environment." The images hint at contemporary anxieties, but cannot be easily fixed in space or time.

Perhaps the most haunting aspect of the video is the view of men dressed in protective white bodysuits, wearing green vests and plucking, with tweezers, at the detritus inside the toppled bus. They appear to be placing the debris into clear plastic sample bags. A possible bioterrorist attack? No other cues provide an answer. Mr. Mik at first intended to make his accident entirely victimless, but at the last moment, he said, he decided to produce shots of a few people who, presumably, were on the bus. Several are wrapped in blue flannel blankets; one woman is in a shiny metallic sheet as an aid worker speaks to her. No one appears traumatized, so the extent and nature of these victims' injuries are unknown. Less depressing, but equally memorable, is a moment when a herd of sheep and goats amble from the surrounding fields onto the road. Their origins and destination are unexplained, but the comparison to the human flock is pretty clear.

Mr. Mik, who is 42 and based in Amsterdam, has had several dozen solo exhibitions across Europe since 1995, but until this year his work has been displayed in the United States only a handful of times. He resists being called a video artist, however, and prefers to describe the work as a mixture of media. "I don't consider it as just video," he said. "I sometimes call myself, provocatively, a sculptor, because I really bring the moving image to the space. It's very much a spatial intervention instead of just film projected somewhere."

1.The word "putative" (Line 3, Paragraph 1) most probably means _____.

［A］ dreamy ［B］ strange ［C］ terrible ［D］ supposed

2."Refraction" seems to be the name of _____.

［A］ a film ［B］ a performance ［C］ a sculpture ［D］ an exhibition

3.The themes expressed in Aernout Mik's work do Not include _____.

［A］ disasters and tragedies ［B］ human unconcern about others ［C］ group effect ［D］ overcrowdedness

4.Which of the following is true about the work "Refraction"?

［A］ It was produced and will be exhibited in Chelsea. ［B］ All the participants in it were photoed unconsciously.

［C］ There is no victim in the accident narrated. ［D］ Animals appear in it and are compared to human flock.

5.It is true of Mr. Mik, the artist, that _____.

［A］ he is increasingly prominent in the United States ［B］ he studies human group behavior from an artisticperspective

［C］ he intends to warn viewers against bioterrorist attacks ［D］ he considers himself a video artist and a sculptor

答案：1.D 2.A 3.B 4.D 5.B

核心词汇或超纲词汇

(1)limb（n.）肢（臂、腿）；翼；（树的）大枝

(2)putative（a.）推定的，假定的；被公认的

(3)refraction（n.）折光，折射；refract（v.）使折射；refractable（a.）可折射的；refractive（a.）折射的

(4)loop（n.）圈，环；重复，循环（v.）使成圈/环，把东西系在一起

(5)arc（n.）弧，拱；循弧线行进

(6)catastrophe（n.）大灾难，大祸；catastrophic（a.）

(7)congestion（n.）拥塞，充血；congest（v.）

(8)entomologist（n.）昆虫学者；entomology（n.）昆虫学

(9)pluck（v.）采，摘，拔，扯，拉，鼓起（勇气）

(10)tweezers（n.）镊子，小钳；tweeze（v.）以镊子除去，以钳子拔除

(11)detritus（n.）碎石，碎片；堆积物，废墟

(12)debris（n.）碎片, 残骸

(13)traumatize（v.）使受外伤；使受精神［心理］上创伤；trauma（n.）身体上或精神上的创伤

(14)provocatively（ad.）煽动地，挑衅地，引起争论的；provocate（v.）激怒，刺激，惹起

全文翻译

一辆公共汽车翻倒在乡村高速公路上，像脱节的肢体一样四分五裂。急救人员在毫无目标地打转，但他们这种活动的目的并不明确。汽车的队列向远处延伸，车主们冷漠地盯着这场虚构的事故。

这一场景来自于荷兰艺术家Aernout Mik的录像作品。该作品将于明天在切尔西的当代艺术新展览馆展示。此次个人展出将会为Mik先生带来更大的知名度。在过去的十年中，Aernout Mik的作品在欧洲频繁展出，但是在美国仍不是广为人知。在"Refraction"中显示出的东西和它本来的样子很不相同。图象如梦幻一般，却是用高清晰度的录像机拍摄的，它显示了一个极端扭曲的新闻。录像长约30分钟，是无声连续循环播放的，除了叙述的弧度什么也没有。这次拍摄是在罗马尼亚一条僻静的乡村公路上花了一天时间完成。它的参与者只收到关于如何表演的模糊指导。

Aernout Mik的这个作品提出了关于我们人类对灾难、悲剧，甚至交通堵塞的反应这样的问题。Mik先生说集体意识是他作品的一个重要的主题。而他似乎从一个社会学家或昆虫家的角度看待作品中的人物。为展览开幕从阿姆斯特丹飞过来后，他在一次采访中说，"那不是关于人物的，它一直是关于处在一个相对较小或大的群体中，即在环境中的个体"。图象暗示了当代的焦虑，但是不能简单地固定于空间和时间中。

录像中最令人难忘的部分可能是身着白色紧身衣裤，外配绿色马甲，在翻倒的汽车里用小钳子夹起碎石的景象。看起来他们好像正在把残骸放入干净的样本塑料袋中。可不可能是生物恐怖主义袭击？没有其他线索为此提供答案。起初，Mik先生有意不为本次事故设计受害者，他说，但是在最后一刻，他决定拍摄几个假定在车上的人。有几个人被包裹在法兰绒的毯子中，一位工作助手在对一位身披闪闪发光的金属床单的女士讲话。好像没有人精神受创，因此这些受害者的伤势也无从了解。还有一刻没有那么令人沮丧但是同样难忘。当时，一群绵羊和山羊步态从容地从周围的田野向路上走来。谁也没有解释它们从哪里来，要去向哪里，但是显而易见的是他们和人群形成了对比。

Mik先生今年42岁，现定居阿姆斯特丹。自1995年以来他已经穿越欧洲举办了数十场个人展览，但是直到今年它的作品在美国才有少数几次展示。他拒绝被称作录像艺术家，而更愿意将自己的作品描述成媒介混合物。他说："我认为它不仅仅是录像，有时候，我有意称自己为雕塑家，因为我确实把流动的景象带到了生活空间。它不是在某个地方的电影，而更像一种空间性的介入。"

二十三、哲学与神学的关系

Scholastic thinkers held a wide variety of doctrines in both philosophy and theology, the study of religion. What gives unity to the whole Scholastic movement, the academic practice in Europe from the 9th to the 17th centuries, are the common aims, attitudes, and methods generally accepted by all its members. The chief concern of the Scholastics was not to discover new facts but to integrate the knowledge already acquired separately by Greek reasoning and Christian revelation. This concern is one of the most characteristic differences between Scholasticism and modern thought since the Renaissance.

The basic aim of the Scholastics determined certain common attitudes, the most important of which was their conviction of the fundamental harmony between reason and revelation. The Scholastics maintained that because the same God was the source of both types of knowledge and truth was one of his chief attributes, he could not contradict himself in these two ways of speaking. Any apparent opposition between revelation and reason could be traced either to an incorrect use of reason or to an inaccurate interpretation of the words of revelation. Because the Scholastics believed that revelation was the direct teaching of God, it possessed for them a higher degree of truth and certainty than did natural reason. In apparent conflicts between religious faith and philosophic reasoning, faith was thus always the supreme arbiter; the theologians decision overruled that of the philosopher. After the early 13th century, Scholastic thought emphasized more the independence of philosophy within its own domain. Nonetheless, throughout the Scholastic period, philosophy was called the servant of theology, not only because the truth of philosophy was subordinated to that of theology, but also because the theologian used philosophy to understand and explain revelation.

This attitude of Scholasticism stands in sharp contrast to the so-called double-truth theory of the Spanish-Arab philosopher and physician Averroёs. His theory assumed that truth was accessible to both philosophy and Islamic theology but that only philosophy could attain it perfectly. The so-called truths of theology served, hence, as imperfectimaginative expressions for the common people of the authentic truth accessible only to philosophy. Averroёs maintained that philosophic truth could even contradict, at least verbally, the teachings of Islamic theology.

As a result of their belief in the harmony between faith and reason, the Scholastics attempted to determine the precise scope and competence of each of these faculties. Many early Scholastics, such as the Italian ecclesiastic and philosopher St. Anselm, did not clearly distinguish the two and were overconfident that reason could prove certain doctrines of revelation. Later, at the height of the mature period of Scholasticism, the Italian theologian and philosopher St. Thomas Aquinas worked out a balance between reason and revelation.

1.With the Scholastics, the search for new knowledge _____.

［A］ stopped completely ［B］ slowed down ［C］ advanced rapidly ［D］ awaked gradually

2.Which of the following best illustrates the relation between reason and revelation?

［A］ They are simply identical. ［B］ Revelation guides reason.

［C］ They are occasionally contradictory. ［D］ Reason is used to perfect revelation.

3.It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 of the text that _____.

［A］ the position of philosophy as a humble servant was accepted

［B］ religion had turned into a hamper to the functioning of philosophy

［C］ philosophers often quoted revelation to support themselves

［D］ philosophers were sometimes referred to in religious practice

4.Averroёs held that _____.

［A］ Islamic theology was often subordinate to philosophy

［B］ religious truth was nothing but imaginativefantasy

［C］ real truth was inaccessible to many common people

［D］ imperfect expressions were result of flawed religion

5.Which of the following is most likely to be discussed in the part succeeding this text?

［A］ Relations of St. T. Aquinas' achievements to previous efforts. ［B］ How St. T. Aquinas worked out in the balance in discussion.

［C］ Other endeavors on the relationship of reason and revelation. ［D］ Outstanding features of the mature period of Scholasticism.

答案：1.A 2.B 3.D 4.C 5.C

核心词汇或超纲词汇

(1)scholastic（a.）学校的，学者的，学究的，经院的或经院哲学家的（n.）经院哲学家，学究

(2)doctrine（n.）教条，学说，主义

(3)revelation（n.）显示，揭露，新发现；启示，揭示；reveal（v.）

(4)arbiter（n.）仲裁者，权威人士，主宰者；arbitrate（v.）公断，仲裁

(5)theologian（n.）神学者，空头理论家；theology（n.）神学

(6)faculty（n.）才能；全体教员；(大学的)学院，系；(授予的)权力