四十一、戏剧包含的要素

One meaning of the Greek word "dran" is to accomplish, and in this meaning lies a further key to the structure of drama. A play concerns a human agent attempting to accomplish some purpose. In tragedy his attempt is, in personal terms at least, unsuccessful; in comedy it is successful; in the problem play final accomplishment is often either ambiguous or doubtful.

This action, from the beginning to the end of a movement toward a purposed goal, must also have a middle; it must proceed through a number of steps, the succession of incidents which make up the plot. Because the dramatist is concerned with the meaning and logic of events rather than with their casualrelationship in time, he will probably select his material and order it on a basis of the operation, in human affairs, of laws of cause and effect. It is in this causal relationship of incidents that the element of conflict, present in virtually all plays, appears.

The central figure of the play-the protagonist-encounters difficulties; his purpose or purposes conflict with events or circumstances, with purposes of other characters in the play, or with cross-purposes which exist within his own thoughts and desires. These difficulties threaten the protagonist's accomplishment; in other words, they present complications, and his success or failure in dealing with these complications determines the outcome. Normally, complications build through the play in order of increasing difficulty; one complication may be added to another, or one may grow out of the solution of a preceding one. At some point in this chain of complication and solution, achieved or attempted, the protagonist performs an act or makes a decision which irrevocably commits him to a further course, points toward certain general consequences. This point is usually called the crisis; the complications and solutions which follow work out the logical steps from crisis to final resolution, or denouement.

1. According to the first paragraph of the text, a dramatist.

［A］ seldom believes what he writes about ［B］ portrays what he experiences in the drama

［C］ concerns himself with the results of human effort ［D］ tries to convince his audience of what he believes

2. A drama is arranged mainly in accordance with.

［A］ the will of the dramatist ［B］ the sequence of events ［C］ the law of dramatic art ［D］ the need of performance

3. A dramatist usually .

［A］ clarifies the complicated relationship in his drama ［B］ makes the relationship in his drama more complicated

［C］ hopes to see his protagonist win an easy victory ［D］ likes to present his protagonist as threatening fellows

4. The word "crisis" (in the last line but one, paragraph 3) most probably implies.

［A］ a dangerous moment ［B］ the last decision ［C］ the crucial point ［D］ a brave engagement

5. In the text, the author mainly deals with.

［A］ the necessity of drama in a culture ［B］ some social functions of dramas

［C］ the responsibility of dramatists ［D］ some key elements in drama-making

答案：1.C 2.A 3.B 4.C 5.D

核心词汇或超纲词汇

（1）agent（n.）原动力，动因（指对事态起重要作用的人、事物）

（2）irrevocably (ad.)不能取消地

（3）denouement（n.）（小说的）结尾，结局

（4）engagement（n.）订婚；约定，约会；战斗，交战

全文翻译

希腊词语"dran"的一个含义是"实现"，而这个含义正是进一步了解戏剧结构的关键所在。一部戏剧和一个试图实现某种目的的人文动作者有关。在悲剧中，这个动作者的动机至少在个人层面上是不成功的；而在喜剧中却是成功的。在（社会）问题剧中目的的最后实现要么是模糊不清的要么是黑而未决的。

从戏剧的开始到实现某个有意识的目的的结束，这个情节必定有一个中间过渡。它必须经历几个步骤，即构成这个情节的一系列的事件。由于剧作家关注的是事件的含义与逻辑性而不是它们在时间上的偶然关联，因此他可能会选择素材并按照人类事件因果关系的一般规律进行排序。于是这些事件的因果关系中包含了几乎所有戏剧中都存在的冲突的元素。

戏剧的中心人物--主人公--遭遇困难，他的一个或多个目的与事件或环境发生冲突，与剧中其他人物的目的发生冲突，与存在于他的思想和欲望中相互矛盾的目的发生冲突。这些困难阻碍了主人公目的的完成，换句话说，它们使事件变得复杂，而主人公能否成功地处理这些复杂事件决定了戏剧最终的结局。一般而言，戏剧中的复杂事件是按照其困难的程度逐渐累积起来的。一个困难事件也许累加到另一个困难事件之上，或者在前一个困难事件解决之后出现。在问题复杂化和问题得到解决、实现了目的或企图实现目的构成的链条的某一点上，主人公完成一个行为或者做出一个必然使他进入进一步发展轨迹（造成某些一般结果的点）的决定。这个点通常被称为危机，接下来出现的复杂问题和解决方法构成了从危机到最后解决，即结局的逻辑步骤。

四十二、一本有关黑人奴隶的小说

The real heroine of the novel stands at one remove to the narrative. On the face of it, readers are more likely to empathize with, and be curious about, the mysterious and resourceful slave, Sarah, who forms one point of an emotional triangle. Sarah is the property of Manon, and came with her to a failing Louisiana sugar plantation on her marriage to the good-for-nothing, bullying owner. But Manon's husband is soon struck by Sarah, and the proof lies in their idiot small son, Walter.

However, the reader is forced to see things through Manon's eyes, not Sarah's, and her consciousness is not a comfortable place to be. Never a please or a thank you passes her lips when talking to slaves, though manners is the order of the day in white society. Manon is enormously attracted by inter-racial marriage (for the place and time-the early 19th century-such a concern would not be unusual, but in her case it seems pathological). Walter, with "his father's curly red hair and green eyes, his mother's golden skin, her full, pushing-forward lips", is the object of her especial hatred, but she chatters on about all the "dreadful mixed-blooded", the objectionable "yellow" people.

Beyond Manon's polarized vision, we glimpse "free negros" and the emerging black middle-class. To Manon's disgust, such people actually have self-respect. In New Orleans buying shoes, Manon is taken aback by the shopkeeper's lack of desired respect. Mixed race prostitutes acquired the affections of male planters by giving them something mysterious their wives cannot often What that might be, and why wives can't offer it too, are questions Manon can't even ask, let alone answer.

The first third of the book explores the uneasy and unsustainable peace between Manon, Sarah and the man always called just "my husband" or "he". Against the background of violent slave revolts and equally savage revenges, it's clear the peace cannot last. It's part of the subtlety of this book that as the story develops and the inevitableexplosion occurs, our view of all the characters swiftly changes. Sarah turns out to deserve all the suspicion Manon directs at her; at the point of death Manon's husband displays an admirable toughness and courage; and Manon herself wins the reader's reluctant admiration for her bravery, her endurance, and her total lack of self-pity.

Perhaps the cruelest aspect of this society is the way it breaks down and distorts family affections. A slave's baby is usually sold soon after birth; Sarah's would-be husband, if he wants her, must buy her; and Manon herself, after all, is only the property of her husband.

1. Which of the following reflects Manon's attitude towards colored people?

［A］ Sympathetic. ［B］ Suspicious. ［C］ Concerned. ［D］ Disgusted.

2. It can be inferred from the text that the novel is written.

［A］ with a mobile point of view ［B］ with a limited third person singular

［C］ from Manon's perspective ［D］ from Sarah's eye as a slave

3. According to Manon, black people should.

［A］ emerge as free middle class citizens ［B］ behave submissively towards the whites

［C］ have self-respect in the mixed race marriage ［D］ learn to offer more affection to their wives

4. We learn that as the story develops.

［A］ readers will think differently of all the characters ［B］ Manon's husband will win back her admiration

［C］ the emotional crisis will be swiftly resolved ［D］ all the suspicion will be proved against Sarah

5. From the text we learn that.

［A］ Manon's husband is a nameless but bullying person ［B］ Manon is the real heroine who deserves readers' sympathy

［C］ Sarah is in fact smarter than her master Manon ［D］ Walter is a proof of the mixed race prostitution

答案：1.D 2.C 3.B 4.A 5.B

核心词汇或超纲词汇

(1)remove（n.）距离，差距，间距，如：She seemed to be living at one ~ from reality.（她好象生活在现实之外的什么地方。）

(2)resourceful (a.) 资源丰富的；有机智的，多策略的，足智多谋的

(3)be struck by/on/with sb./sth.被某人（或某物）打动，迷住

(4)the order of the day常见的，流行的，适宜的，如：Pessimism seems to be ~.（悲观失望似乎是当今司空见惯的情形。）

(5)pathological（a.）不理智的，无道理的，无法控制的；病态的

(6)objectionable（a.）令人不快的，令人反感的，讨厌的

(7)polarized（a.）两极化的，截然对立的

(8)unsustainable（a.）不能持续的，无法维持的

(9)explosion（n.）爆炸；突增，猛增；（感情，尤指愤怒的）突然爆发，迸发

(10)mobile（a.）可移动的；流动的；多变的，易变的

全文翻译

这篇小说中真正的女英雄离所叙述的内容有一段距离。表面上看，读者更容易对神秘而足智多谋的女奴莎拉产生同情和好奇，因为她成为了三角恋爱关系中的一角。莎拉是玛侬的财产，因此当女主人来到路易斯安那州破败的糖料种植园，嫁给懒惰、仗势欺人的男主人时，莎拉也跟随而来。但是玛侬的丈夫很快被莎拉迷住，这从他们生下来的弱智的小儿子沃特那得到了证明。

然而，读者被迫通过玛侬，而不是莎拉的视角去看这一切。玛侬的感察开始让她很不舒服。虽然礼貌在白人社会中是司空见惯的，但她和奴隶谈话时从不说"请"或"谢谢"。玛侬对异族通婚有着强烈的兴趣，（在这个故事发生的时间--19世纪初--和地点，这种关注是寻常的，但她的过度关注却是病态的）。沃特继承了他父亲的红色卷发和绿眼睛，他母亲的金色皮肤和丰满的、向前凸起的嘴唇，因此成了玛侬特别憎恨的对象。但是她仍然喋喋不休地谈论着所有"可怕的混血"，讨厌的"黄种"人。

在玛侬矛盾的观点之外，我们可以粗略瞥见"自由的黑人"和正在兴起的黑人中产阶级。让玛侬感到厌恶的是，这些人实际上都有自尊。在新奥尔良买鞋子时，玛侬对店主出乎意料的粗鲁感到吃惊。异族的妓女们得到了男种植园主们的喜爱，因为她们可以提供妻子不能给予的一些神秘的东西。那些东西到底是什么？为什么妻子不能给予？这都是玛侬不可能提出来的问题，更别提回答了。

该书前三分之一的内容是有关玛侬、莎拉和那个总是被称之为"我的丈夫"或"他"的男人之间的不稳定的、难以持续的和平关系。在风起云涌的奴隶起义和奴隶报复行动的背景下，显然和平不会持续太久。这本书的微妙之处在于随着故事情节的发展，当感情不可避免地突然爆发时，我们对所有人物的看法突然都发生了改变。莎拉原来值得玛侬对她的所有的怀疑；在死亡之际，玛侬的丈夫表现出令人钦佩的坚强和勇气；而玛侬本人则赢得了读者对她的勇敢、坚忍和毫不自怜的个性的由衷的钦佩。

也许这个社会最残忍的地方是它支解和扭曲家庭感情的方式。奴隶的孩子出生后很快就会被卖掉；莎拉未来的丈夫如果想要得到她就要用钱买；而玛侬自己也究竟只不过是她丈夫的财产。

四十三、将清晰的梦境变为现实

Researchers at Stanford University are now developing software to help people become aware that they are having a dream so that they can then live out their fantasies during REM sleep. During lucid dreams, people are "awake" within their dreams, and can sometimes direct what happens next in the dream. With enough practice you can fly, visit exotic places, experience vivid colors, or eat all the ice cream you want, all without taking your head off the pillow.

Being awake during a dream may seem like a contradiction, but to those involved in lucid dream research, it's all, well, crystal clear. "Lucid dreaming lets you make use of the dream state that comes to you every night to have a stimulating reality," said Dr. Stephen LaBerge, founder of the Lucidity Institute at Stanford University. LaBerge said that controlling dreams can also have therapeutic value. Potentially, he said, people can overcome nightmares that haunt them repeatedly. It may even help a person improve in sports, enhance self-confidence or confront problems that elude being solved in waking life.

Exploring the World of Lucid Dreaming, a book co-authored by LaBerge and Howard Rheingold, is one of many books to help would-be lucid dreamers get started. The book asks that you learn to recognize "dreamsigns," or signals within a dream that alert you to your altered state. One common dreamsign: elements within your dream are out of context. Objects are not where they belong within a room, or certain people are in locations they normally wouldn't be-how often do your parents drop in at the office?

The Lucidity Institute's NovaDreamer includes a mask that tracks eye movement to recognize when you're in REM as well as to determine the amount of time you take to get to sleep. Depending on how you configure NovaDreamer (a determination made partially on the basis of how light or heavy a sleeper you are), the NovaDreamer flashes a series of red lights into your (hopefully closed) eyes, providing yet another signal that you are dreaming and can now do whatever you please in the dream.

LaBerge's research indicates that when a person does something in their dreams, the experience may be closer to reality than you'd think. Early experiments show that lucid dreamers have a good comprehension of time while dreaming. Researchers that asked lucid dreamers to move their eyes in a specific pattern, and then repeat the pattern 10 seconds later, found they did so in about the correct amount of time. LaBerge said dreaming of doing something causes the same reaction in your brain waves as actually doing it. During REM sleep, says LaBerge, "the brain is working full-tilt, yet it is disconnected from the outside world. If you dream of doing a long jump, your brain reacts the same way it would if you actually did it."

1. Lucid dreamers can.

［A］ be in a state of full awakeness ［B］ take charge of their subconsious life

［C］ control their body movement ［D］ walk and talk in their sleep

2. Reserchers seem to believe that.

［A］ real life problems can be solved in lucid dreams ［B］ it is easy to get people into lucid-dream state

［C］ controlling dreams may change a person's character ［D］ lucid dreams can be changed in their courses at will

3. LaBerge wrote the book to.

［A］ teach people how to have a lucid dream ［B］ help people understand the nature of dreams

［C］ guide people to alter between dream and reality ［D］ classify the signals within dreams

4. According to the passage, the NovaDreamer is.

［A］ a timer to measure the time it takes to fall asleep ［B］ a machine to induce lucid dreams

［C］ an electronic book about lucid dreams ［D］ a software of monitoring lucid dreams

5. What can be inferred from the passage?

［A］ Lucid dreams have been used to cure illness. ［B］ Lucid dreams are very close to real life.

［C］ Lucid dreaming is an inborn ability. ［D］ There is a mind-body connection in lucid dreams.

答案：1.B 2.D 3.A 4.B 5.D

核心词汇或超纲词汇

(1)live out (sth.) 实践（以前想要做的事），如to live out your dreams/fantasies实现梦想/幻想；（以某种方式）度过余生，如He lived out his days alone（他独自度过余生）。

(2)fantasy（n.）幻想（作品），想象（产物）；

(3)lucid（a.）表达清楚的，易懂的；头脑清晰的，清醒的；（n.）lucidity

(4)exotic（a.）来自异国的；奇异的；异国情调的

(5)stimulating（a.）趣味盎然的，激烈人的，振奋人心的

(6)alert（v.）向......报警；使警觉；使戒备；（sb. to sth.）使意识到，使认识到

(7)configure（v.）（尤指对计算机设备进行）配置；对（设备或软件进行）设定

(8)tilt（n.）倾斜；（意欲赢得某物或战胜某人的）企图，尝试，如have a ~ at the world championship（问鼎世界冠军）；at (full) ~ 全速，尽快

全文翻译

斯坦福大学的研究者现在正在开发软件帮助人们意识到自己在做梦，从而能够在深睡眠中实现幻想。在有意识的梦境中，人们在梦中"醒着"，并且有时能控制梦里下一步发生什么。充分练习之后，你可以飞翔、访问异地、感受鲜明的色彩、或者品尝所有想要的冰激凌，完成这一切都不用把头从枕头上移开。

"在梦中保持清醒"也许看起来自相矛盾，但是对那些参与清醒梦境研究的人来说，这个道理却是清清楚楚的。斯坦福大学"清醒学院"的创建者史蒂芬•拉伯格说，"有意识地做梦使你能够利用每晚出现的梦的状态来拥有一个饶有趣味的现实"。拉伯格说，控制梦也有治疗价值。人们有可能克服不断困扰他们的噩梦。它甚至可以帮助人们提高运动能力、增强自信心和面对在醒着的生活中逃避解决的问题。

由拉伯格和霍华德•莱茵戈德共同著写的《探索清醒梦境》是帮助想尝试进入清晰梦境的人的几本书之一。这本书要你学会识别"梦的信号"，即在梦中使你意识到状态改变的信号。一种常有的梦的信号是：梦中的要素脱离了背景环境。房间里的物体不在它们应在的地方，或者某些人出现在他们通常不会去的地方，比如你父母出现在你办公室里的几率有多大？

"清醒学院"的"新梦人"包括一个面具，它跟踪眼球运动以识别你何时进入深睡眠并测定你入睡的时间。根据你设定"新梦人"的方式（你的设定由熟睡程度决定），它释放一系列红色的光线进入你（应该闭着的）眼睛中，并向你发出另外一种信号，提醒你正在做梦，你可以在梦中做任何想做的事情了。

拉伯格的研究表明当一个人在梦里做某件事时，他的经历比人们认为的更贴近现实。早期的实验表明有清晰梦境的人做梦时对时间的把握非常准确。研究者让清晰梦境者以一种特殊方式转动眼睛，十秒种以后再以同样的方式重复一次。结果发现这些做梦者在几乎完全正确的时间内做到了。拉伯格说，梦见做什么事情和真地做这件事情会在脑电波中引起同样的反应。他说，"深睡眠中，大脑在全速地运转，但它与外界割断了联系。如果你梦到在跳远，那么它引起的大脑反应和你真地跳远是一样的。"

四十四、美国经济的复苏

Positive surprises from government reports on retail sales, industrial production, and housing in the past few months are leading economists to revise their real gross domestic product (GDP) forecasts upward supporting the notion that the recession ended in December or January.

Bear in mind: This recovery won't have the vitalitynormally associated with an upturn. Economists now expect real GDP growth of about 1.5 in the first quarter. That's better than the 0.4 the consensus projected in December, but much of the additional growth will come from a slower pace of inventory drawdowns, not from surging demand.

Moreover, the economy won't grow fast enough to help the labor markets much. The only good news there is that jobless claims have fallen back from their spike after September 11 and that their current level suggests the pace of layoffs is easing.

The recovery also does not mean the Federal Reserve will raise interest rates soon. The January price indexes show that inflation remains tame. Consequently, the Fed can take its time shifting monetarypolicy from extreme accommodation to relative neutrality.

Perhaps the best news from the latest economic reports was the January data on industrial production. Total output fell only 0.1, its best showing since July. Factory output was flat, also the best performance in six months. Those numbers may not sound encouraging, but manufacturers have been in recession since late 2000. The data suggest that the factory sector is finding a bottom from which to start its recovery.

Production of consumer goods, for instance, is almost back up to where it was a year ago. That's because consumer demand for motor vehicles and other goods and the housing industry remained healthy during the recession, and they are still growing in early 2002.

Besides, both the monthly homebuilding starts number and the housing market index for the past two months are running above the averages for all of 2001, suggesting that home-building is off to a good start and probably won't be big drag on GDP growth this year.

Equally important to the outlook is how the solid housing market will help demand for home-related goods and services. Traditionally, consumers buy the bulk of their furniture, electronics, and textiles within a year of purchasing their homes. Thus, spending on such items will do well this year, even as car sales slip now that incentives are less attractive. Look for the output of consumer goods to top year-ago level in coming months.

Even the business equipment sector seems to have bottomed out. Its output rose 0.4% in January, led by a 0.6% jump computer gear. A pickup in orders for capital goods in the fourth quarter suggests that production will keep increasing-although at a relaxed pace-in coming months.