Unit 9(第 19-----20 讲)
Text A
Aging in European Countries
P.212
第一段：
1. We have to realize how old, how very old, we are.
how old, how very old, we are 是 realise 的宾语从句。
2. Nations are classified as "aged" when they have 70 per cent or more of their people aged 65 or above, and by about 1970 every one of the advanced countries had become like this. be classified as（被归类为）主动形式是 classify ... as ...（把...归类为...）；aged 65 or above 可改为定语从句 who are aged 65 or above；介词 by 若表示"到...时候为止"，句中一般使用完成时， 若 by + 过去时间，则用过去完成时，若 by + now，则用现在完成时，若 by + 将来时间，则用将来 完成时；试比较 every one 和 everyone 的区别： every one 既可指人也可指物，后面常与 of 连用；
everyone 只能指人，后面不可与 of 连用。
3. Of the really ancient societies, with over 13 per cent above 65, all are in Northwestern Europe.
句首 of 意为"在...当中"；with over 13 per cent above 65 是独立结构。
4. At the beginning of the 1980's East Germany had 15.6 per cent, Austria, Sweden, West Germany and France had 13.4 per cent or above, and England and Wales 13.3 per cent.
at the beginning of 意思是"在...初、在...开始"；the 1980's 意思是 20 世纪 80 年代。
5. Scotland had 12.3 per cent.
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Unit 9(第 19-----20 讲)
6. Northern Ireland 10.8 per cent and the United States 9.9 per cent. 7. We know that we are getting even older, and that the nearer a society approximates to zero population growth, the older its population is likely to be--at least, for any future that concerns us now.
该句 we know 是主句， 后面有两个 that 引导的宾语从句； nearer ..., the older ...是表达"越...就越..."的结 the 构。 第二段：
1. To these now familiar facts a number of further facts may be added, some of them only recently recognized.
句首的 To these now familiar facts 可置于 added 之后；a number of 意思是"许多"；some of them only recently recognised 是独立结构，其中 recognised 是过去分词。
2. There is the apparent paradox that the effective cause of the high proportion of the old is births rather than deaths.
paradox 后面有 that 引导的同位语从句；rather than 意思是"而不是"。
3. There is the economic principle that the dependency radio--the degree to which those who cannot earn depend for a living on those who can--is more advantageous" target="_blank" title="a.有利的；有帮助的">advantageous in older societies like ours than in the younger societies of the developing world, because lots of dependent babies are more of a ability" target="_blank" title="n.责任 负债">liability than numbers of the inactive aged.
the economic principle 后接 that 引导的同位语从句，从句中主语是 the dependency ratio，谓语动词是 is，the degree ...是 the dependency ratio 的同位语，to which 引导定语从句，修饰 the degree，在同位语从句中，because 引导原因状语从句；more of + 名词 + than 意思是"（较...）更是、在更大程度上"。
4. There is the appreciation of the salient historical truth that the aging of advanced societies has been a sudden change.
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Unit 9(第 19-----20 讲)
that 引导的是 appreciation 的同位语从句。
P.213
第二段：
1. If "revolution" is a rapid resettlement of the social structure, and if the age composition of the society counts as a very important aspect of that social structure, then there has been a social revolution in European and particularly Western European society within the lifetime of everyone over 50.
count as 意思是"被看着"；该句有两个并列的条件状语从句，都由 if 引导。
2. Taken together, these things have implications which are only beginning to be acknowledged.
Taken together 是过去分词短语，译为"总的来讲"；which 引导定语从句，修饰 implications。
3. These facts and circumstances were well to the fore earlier this year at a world gathering about aging as a challenge to science and to policy, held at Vichy in France.
to the fore 意思是"在显著地位"；gathering 相当于 meeting（会议） ；held at Vichy in France 是过去分词短语， 充当非限制性定语，修饰 a world gathering。 第三段：
1. There is often resistance to the idea that it is because the birthrate fell earlier in Western and Northwestern Europe than elsewhere, rather than because of any change in the death rate, that we have grown so old.
该句主要结构是：There is often resistance to the idea. 名词 the idea 后接 that 引导的同位语从句，从句中有 it is ...that ...构成的强调结构，强调成分是原因状语 because ... rather than because of ...（因为...而不是因为...） ； rather than 意为"而不是"。
2. But this is what elementary demography makes clear.
what 引导表语从句，make clear 意思是"弄清楚"。
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Unit 9(第 19-----20 讲)
3. Long life is altering our society, of course, but in experiential terms.
in experiential terms 意思是"根据经验的说法"。
4. We have among us a very much greater experience of continued living than any society that has ever preceded us anywhere, and this will continue.
that has ever preceded us anywhere 是定语从句， 修饰 society， 因为 society 前面有 any 修饰， 所以关系代词 that 不可替换为 which。
5. But too much of that lengthened experience, even in the wealthy West, will be experience of poverty and neglect, unless we do something about it.
do something 意思是"采取措施"。 第四段：
1. If you are now in your thirties, you ought to be aware that you can expect to live nearly one third of the rest of your life after the age of 60. in your thirties 意思是"（你）三十多岁"；类似的说法有： He is in his twenties / forties / fifties / sixties / seventies / eighties / nineties. 他现在 20 / 40 / 50 / 60 / 70 / 80 / 90 多岁。
be aware that 意思是"意识到"。
2. The older you are now, of course, the greater this proportion will be, and greater still if you are a woman.
The older ..., the greater ...意思是"...年龄越大，...就越大。"
3. Expectation of life is a slippery figure,very easy to get wrong at the highest ages.
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Unit 9(第 19-----20 讲)
4. At Vichy the demographers were telling each other that their estimates of how many old there would be and how long they will live in countries like England and Wales are due for revision upwards.
that 引导的是 were telling 的宾语从句，从句中主要结构是 their estimates are due for revision upwards，介词短 语 of how many ... and how long ... England and Wales 是 their estimates 的定语成分。
Text B
P.225
第一段：
Children's Self-esteem
1. Self-esteem is what people think about themselves--whether or not they feel valued--and when family members have self-respect, pride, and belief in themselves, this high self-esteem makes it possible to cope with the everyday problems of growing up.
what people think about themselves 是表语从句；whether 在此句中不可替换为 if，因为 if 不可与 or not 连用； makes it possible 中的 it 是形式宾语，真正宾语是 to cope with the everyday problems of growing up；cope with 意思 是"对付、应付、处理"，同义的有 deal with 或 handle。 第二段：
1. Successful parenting begins by communicating to children that they belong, and are loved for no other reason than just because they exist.
no other ... than ...意思是"除了...以外没有别的、不是别的...，就是"。
2. Through touch and tone of voice parents tell their infants whether or not they are valued, special, and loved, and it is these messages that form the basis of the child's self-esteem.
whether 引导宾语从句，此处 whether 不可替换为 if，因为 whether 后面出现了 or not；第二分句是强调结构， 被强调成分是主语 these messages。
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Unit 9(第 19-----20 讲)
3. When children grow up with love and are made to feel lovabledespite their mistake and failures,they are able to interact with others in a responsible, honest, and loving way.
动词 make 后的宾语补足语的不定式符号 to 必须省略，但当 make 用于被动语态时，充当主语补足语的不定 式短语仍须保留 to，故有 When children ... and are made to feel lovable；动词短语 interact with 意为"与...交流"。
4. A healthy self-esteem is a resource for coping when difficulties arise, making it easier to see a problem as temporary, manageable, and something from which the individual can emerge.
resource 意思是"手段"；coping 是 coping with difficulties 之省略；arise 意思是"出现"，是不及物动词；see ... as ...意为"把...看作..."；from which 引导定语从句，修饰 something，emerge from 意思是"从...中解脱出来"。 第三段：
1. If, however, children grow up without love and without feelings of self-worth, they feel unlovable and worthless and expect to be cheated, taken advantage of, and looked down upon by others.
take advantage of 意为"利用"；look down upon 意思是"看不起"。
2. Ultimately their actions invite this treatment, and their self-defeating behavior turns expectations into reality.
turn ... into reality 意思是"把...转变为现实"。
3. They do not have the personal resources to handle everyday problems in a healthy way, and life may be viewed as just one crisis after another.
view ... as 意思是"把...看作"。
4. Without a healthy self-esteem they may cope by acting out problems rather than talking them out or by withdrawing and remaining indifferent toward themselves and others.
... they may cope by acting out problems ...中的 cope 是 cope with problems 之省略； out 意思是"用行动把... act 表现出来"；rather than 意为"而不是"；talk ... out 意思是"把...谈出来"；remain indifferent toward 意思是"对...保
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Unit 9(第 19-----20 讲)
持冷漠"。
5. These individuals grow up to live isolated, lonely lives, lacking the ability to give the love that they have never received.
to live isolated, lonely lives 是不定式短语， 充当结果状语； lacking the ability ...是现在分词短语， 作伴随状语。
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第二段：
1. Self-esteem is a kind of energy,and when it is high,people feel like they can handle anything. 2. It is what one feels when special things are happening or everything is going great.
what 引导表语从句，在表语从句中，含有 when 引导的时间状语从句；everything is going great 意思是"一切 进展顺利"。
3. A word of praise, a smile, a good grade on a report card, or doing something that creates pride within oneself can create this energy.
that creates pride within oneself 是定语从句，修饰 something，此处关系代词 that 不可替换为 which，因为通 常情况下，先行词是 something, anything, everything, nothing 时，引导词应该用 that。
4. When feelings about the self have been threatened and self-esteem is low, everything becomes more of an effort.
more of + 名词 （+ than ...）意思是"（较...）更是、在更大程度上是"。
5. It is difficult to hear,see,or think clearly,and others seem rude,inconsiderate,and rough. 6. The problem is not with others, it is with the self, but often it is not until energies are back to normal that the real problem is recognized.
it is not until energies are back to normal that the real problem is recognized 是 not ... until ...的强调结构，自然
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Unit 9(第 19-----20 讲)
顺序应该是： real problem is not recognized until energies are back to normal， the 另有倒装结构： until energies are not back to normal is the real problem recognized. 第三段：
1. Children need help understanding that their self-esteem and the self-esteem of those they interact with have a direct effect on each other.
they interact with 是定语从句，修饰 those；have a direct effect on 意思是"对...有直接的影响"。
2. For example, a little girl comes home from school and says, "I need lovings 'cause my feelings got hurt today."
cause 是口语形式，是 because 的缩写。
3. The mother responds to her child's need to be held and loved.
respond to 意为"对...作出反应"。
4. If instead the mother said she was too busy to hold the little girl, the outcome would have been difficult.
too ... to ...意思是"太...不..."。 第四段：
1. The infant's self-esteem is totallydependent on family members, and it is not until about the time the child enters school that outside forces contribute to feelings about the self.
be dependent on 意思是"依赖于"；not ... until ...意为"直到...时才..."，It is not until ...that ...是强调结构； the child enters school 是定语从句，修饰 the time； contribute to 意思是"促使、促进、有助于、对...起作用"。
2. A child must also learn that a major resource for a healthy self-esteem comes from within.