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印度人喜欢剖腹产

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Ruchira Varmaa's marriage was already in trouble when she found out she was pregnant. She didn't know what to do, so, as with most life decisions, she consulted her astrologer.


34岁的瓦玛(Ruchira Varmaa)在孟买一家布匹出口公司担任主管。在她发现自己怀孕的时候，她的婚姻已经陷入了危机。她不知道该如何是好，于是去咨询了占星家的意见，她在面临人生的重大抉择时往往都会这么做。



Ms. Varmaa and her child would be fine, the astrologer said, as long as the baby was born on one of three mahurats, or auspicious days, near her due date. She then did what doctors say an increasing number of middle-class Indians are doing these days: She scheduled a caesarean section in order to nail that good-luck date.


占星家说，只要孩子出生在她预产期前后的三个吉日中的一天，瓦玛和孩子将会平安无事。于是，她做出了这样的选择──医生们称当下越来越多的印度中产阶级也正在这么做:为了让孩子出生在选定的吉日，进行剖腹产。



The perfectly timed birth not only gave her a wonderful daughter, Ms. Varmaa says, but also got her own life back on track. Her career and health have improved and her brief, arranged marriage has ended in an amicable divorce.


瓦玛说，准确定时的生产不仅让她拥有了一个可爱的女儿，而且还让她的生活回到了正轨。她的事业蒸蒸日上，身体状况比以前好了，而且她短暂的包办婚姻也以和平分手的方式划上了句号。



'I didn't want my bad luck to affect the child,' says Ms. Varmaa, 34 years old, a director for a clothing exporter in Mumbai. 'If the position of the sun and moon are right, then the baby has a good life and even the mother's life improves.'


瓦玛说，我不想让我的坏运气影响到孩子。如果出生时太阳和月亮的位置是合适的，那么孩子就会有幸福的人生，甚至连妈妈的命运也会因此而变好。



Indians have always consulted their gurus -- who usually look to the stars -- for the best times for marriage ceremonies, business deals or even when to step on the train for a long trip. Astrological timing is so important that when the stars align, India sees an explosion of weddings, with tens of thousands of ceremonies taking place on the same day in cities like Mumbai or New Delhi.


印度人总是会咨询他们的智者──这些人通常会夜观天象──以求得举行婚礼口生意签约，甚至是何时踏上火车开始长途旅行的最佳时机。印度人非常看重星象时机，每当星斗连成一线时，举行婚礼的人数便会激增，在孟买和新德里等印度城市，成千上万个婚礼会在同一天里举行。



Indians have been asking astrologers for the perfect time to conceive for centuries. Now, with rising incomes and improved access to health care, many take their gurus' advice to their gynecologists to decide birth times as well.


几百年来，印度人一直向占星家咨询怀孕的最佳时机。如今，随着收入的增加和医疗条件的改善，很多人也会带着占星家的意见去和妇产科医师商定生产的最佳时机。



'In the last three years, it has become rampant. Almost everyone prefers to choose timing,' says Rishma Dhillon Pai, a Mumbai-based gynecologist. 'It's strange, because you would think that as we grow more modern, this kind of thing would happen less.'


孟买妇产科医师派(Rishma Dhillon Pai)说，在过去三年里，这种做法变得日益普遍。几乎所有人都愿意选择生产的时机。这很奇怪，因为你也许会认为随着我们变得越来越现代，这样的事情会发生得少一些。



While there are no data on how often C-section timings are decided by astrology, the number of caesarean deliveries has surged in India. In the early 1990s, around 5% of births in urban hospitals were caesarean. Today more than 20% are, doctors say, in part because of higher incomes and wider access to health care.


尽管没有数据表明人们通过占星决定剖腹产时机的频繁程度，但在印度接受剖腹产手术的孕妇数量却在急速攀升。上世纪90年代初期，城市医院中剖腹产的比例大约为5%，现在则超过了20%，医生们说，这在一定程度上是因为人们的收入提高了，医疗保健服务也变得更加普及。



In the U.S., the frequency of caesarean sections has risen to more than 30% of births, from around 21% in 1998. The rise has been driven by increases in the number of middle-age mothers and overweight mothers, according to doctors, as well as malpractice concerns.


在美国，剖腹产的比例从1998年的21%上升到了30%以上。医生们说，原因是步入中年和体重超标的母亲增多了，另外就是人们对医疗事故的担忧。



While the vast majority of Indians still prefer natural birth, doctors say the number of caesarean sections where cosmic timing is a factor has jumped from perhaps one-in-10 a decade ago to as many as one-in-two today. Usually, the timing is chosen only after a C-section has been deemed necessary. But doctors say a growing number of women are opting for the procedure when there is no medical need.


尽管绝大多数印度人还是倾向于自然分娩，但医生们说，在接受剖腹产手术的人群中，因占星而选择剖腹产的比例已经从十年前的1/10跃升至现在的1/2。通常来说，只有在剖腹产成为一种必要措施的时候，人们才去选择具体生产的时间。但医生们说，到现在，越来越多的妇女都会在根本没有医学必要的情况下选择剖腹产。



Moving a birth up by even one week can lead to complications such as breathing problems in babies whose lungs have not fully developed. Mothers face increased risk of infection, blood loss and even death from the procedure, which delivers the baby through a surgical incision.


哪怕提前一个星期将胎儿剖出也可能会导致并发症，举例来说，婴儿可能会出现呼吸问题，因为他的肺还没有发育完全。产妇感染、失血甚至死亡的风险也会加大，因为剖腹产是通过外科手术在腹部切口将胎儿取出。



Most Indian doctors say they refuse requests for unnecessary caesareans. But they say it's still relatively easy to find doctors who will agree to do them if the mother-to-be says she has a low pain threshold.


大多数印度医生表示，他们会拒绝不必要的剖腹产要求。不过，他们也表示，如果一名产妇说自己痛阈较低的话，找一位同意给她做手术的医生还是相对容易的。



'We are not terribly happy with the trend of patients giving birth to babies according to an auspicious time and day, but we go with the flow,' says Sanjay Gupte, president of the Federation of Obstetric and Gynecological Societies of India. 'What can we do? It's the parent's belief, after all.'


印度妇产科学会联盟(Federation of Obstetric and Gynecological Societies of India)主席古提(Sanjay Gupte)说，尽管我们并不十分赞成产妇择吉时吉日生产的做法，但我们还是会顺势而为。我们又能怎么样呢口毕竟，这是婴儿父母的想法。



This has put extra pressure on doctors and hospitals. Mumbai gynecologist Ms. Pai said she was asked to do a C-section at 3:30 a.m. because the hour was deemed auspicious.


这给医生和医院增添了额外的压力。孟买妇产科医师派说，有人曾在凌晨三点半请她去做剖腹产手术，因为他们认为这是吉时。



She initially refused, but got so many calls from powerful friends of the parents that she agreed to do it.


最初她拒绝了这一要求，后来却接到了这对准父母很多有影响力的朋友的电话，最终就只好同意了。



Ms. Pai says she will only do the procedure if necessary. However, she allows patients to pick the time as long as they give her a few options and as big a window as possible. One wealthy Mumbai family insisted that their baby be delivered between 11:00 and 11:15 a.m., says Ms. Pai. She blocked extra time in the operating room, but when an earlier operation went long, she had to rush and barely met the deadline.


派说，她只会在剖腹产确属必要的情况下才会那么做。但是，只要产妇给她几个时间选择，而且所谓吉时的时间段尽可能长的话，她会允许她们选择生产的时机。派说，一对有钱的夫妇曾坚持要求让他们的孩子在11:00到11:15之间出生。她定好了手术室的时间，但是当前面的一个手术出现拖延后，她不得不紧赶时间，勉强在11:15之前完成了手术。



'The pressure was tremendous,' she says. 'That is not a situation I want to be in.'


她说，那种压力实在是太大了。我可不想经历那样的事情。



Gurus say they have also seen a surge in requests to choose the best birth dates. They say adjusting the time of birth is not necessarily tampering with fate because being born at a time when you can choose a birth date is also part of fate.


印度的智者们说，他们发现，要求选择最佳生产日期的人越来越多。他们说，调整生产的时机并不一定会改变命运，因为出生在生日可以选择的时代也是命运的一部分。



In Indian astrology, even the minute of birth is important. Matrimonial ads and websites where Indian families search for suitable mates for their children usually mention the exact time of birth to check cosmic compatibility. As the good and bad planets are always waxing and waning, creating both wonderful and awful combinations each day, a few minutes here or there could theoretically make or break a person.


在印度占星术中，就连出生的分钟也很重要。在印度家庭为儿女寻找合适伴侣的征婚广告和网站上，儿女出生的具体时间通常被提及，为的就是检验星象是否匹配。因为吉星和煞星总有盈缺变化，每天都会创造出美好和糟糕的组合，几分钟时间的差别就能够从理论上成就或者毁掉一个人。



Mahurat mothers say the large potential benefits of having a child blessed by the stars outweigh concern about potential complications from a caesarean.


追求吉时的母亲们表示，生个得到星座庇佑的孩子可能会带来巨大的好处，超过了她们对剖腹产并发症的担忧。



Sonali Kanwar, a 34-year-old stay-at-home mother, followed the advice of her astrologer and moved her son's birth date up by a week to catch a sweet spot on the calendar. While she doesn't believe the claims of some gurus that the right timing can ensure you have a boy who will grow up to be rich and tall, she says, she wanted to give her baby any help she could.


坎瓦尔(Sonali Kanwar)是一名34岁的家庭主妇，在听取了占星家的建议后提前一周把儿子生了出来，为的是赶上吉日。尽管她并不相信一些占星家所说的选择适当的生产时机会让孩子长大后生活富有、身材高大，但她说，她希望给予孩子一切可能的帮助。



'My son was underweight when he was born. But 16 months on he is now thriving and perfectly sized,' she says. 'It gives me peace of mind and happiness to know that my son came into the world on a good day.'


她说，我儿子出生的时候体重不足。但16个月来，他长得很快，体格发育也完全正常。知道儿子是在一个吉祥的日子来到了这个世界上，让我感到安心和快乐。



Astrologers say the right timing can do everything from create a more beautiful child to one that is quiet or obedient or even a good actor. Most parents aren't that specific, though, says Geetanjali Saxena, a Mumbai astrologer. They ask for the best timing for their child to have it all.


占星家说，选择适当的生产时机可以帮助人们达到各种各样的目的，从生一个更漂亮的孩子，到生一个文静听话的孩子，甚至长大后当一名好演员，如此等等，无所不包。但是孟买占星家萨克塞纳(Geetanjali Saxena)表示，大多数父母并没有那么具体的要求。他们为孩子咨询最佳的出生时机，为的是让他拥有所有的一切。



'People are having fewer babies today, so they want the very best for their children,' says Ms. Saxena. 'Indians are very competitive.'


萨克塞纳说，如今人们生的孩子比以前少了，所以就希望给孩子最好的东西。 印度人的竞争意识很强。



Eric Bellman


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