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1 A gentle breeze swept the Canadian plains as I stepped outside the small two-story house. Alongside me was a slender woman in a black dress, my guide back to a time when the
surroundingsettlement in Dresden, Ontario, was home to a hero in American history. As we walked toward a plain gray church, Barbara Carter spoke proudly of her great-great-grandfather, Josiah Henson. "He was
confident that the
Creator intended all men to be created equal. And he never
gave up struggling for that
freedom."> >
2 Carter's
devotion to her ancestor is about more than personal pride: it is about family honor. For Josiah Henson has lived on through the character in American
fiction that he helped inspire: Uncle Tom, the long-suffering slave in Harriet Beecher Stowe's
Uncle Tom's Cabin.
Ironically, that character has come to
symbolize everything Henson was not. A
racialselloutunwilling to
stand up for himself? Carter gets angry at the thought. "Josiah Henson was a man of principle," she said firmly.> >
3 I had
traveled here to Henson's last home -- now a
historicsite that Carter formerly directed -- to learn more about a man who was, in many ways, an African-American Moses. After
winning his own freedom from
slavery, Henson
secretly helped hundreds of other slaves to escape north to Canada -- and liberty. Many settled here in Dresden with him.> >
4 Yet this stop was only part of a much larger
mission for me. Josiah Henson is but one name on a long list of
courageous men and women who together
forged the
Underground Railroad, a secret
web of escape routes and safe houses that they used to
liberate slaves from the American South. Between 1820 and 1860, as many as 100,000 slaves
traveled the Railroad to freedom.> >
5 In October 2000,
President Clintonauthorized $16 million for the
National Underground Railroad Freedom Center to honor this first great
civil-rights struggle in the U. S. The center is scheduled to open in 2004 in Cincinnati. And it's about time. For the heroes of
the Underground Railroad remain too little remembered, their
exploits still largely
unsung. I was
intent on telling their stories. > >
6 John Parker tensed when he heard the soft knock. Peering out his door into the night, he recognized the face of a trusted neighbor. "There's a party of escaped slaves hiding in the woods in
Kentucky, twenty miles from the river," the man whispered urgently. Parker didn't hesitate. "I'll go," he said, pushing a pair of
pistols into his pockets.> >
7 Born a slave two
decades before, in the 1820s, Parker had been taken from his mother at age eight and forced to walk in chains from
Virginia to
Alabama, where he was sold on the slave market. Determined to live free someday, he managed to get trained in iron molding. Eventually he saved enough money working at this trade
on the side to buy his freedom. Now, by day, Parker worked in an iron
foundry in the Ohio port of Ripley. By night he was a "conductor" on the Underground Railroad, helping people slip by the slave hunters. In Kentucky, where he was now headed, there was a $1000 reward for his
capture, dead or alive. > >
8 Crossing the Ohio River on that
chilly night, Parker found ten
fugitives frozen with fear. "Get your bundles and follow me," he told them, leading the eight men and two women toward the river. They had almost reached shore when a
watchman spotted them and raced off to spread the news.> >
9 Parker saw a small boat and, with a shout, pushed the escaping slaves into it. There was room for all but two. As the boat slid across the river, Parker watched
helplessly as the
pursuersclosed in around the men he was forced to leave behind. > >
10 The others made it to the Ohio shore, where Parker
hurriedly arranged for a
wagon to take them to the next "station" on the Underground Railroad -- the first leg of their journey to safety in Canada. Over the course of his life, John Parker guided more than 400 slaves to safety. >
>
11 While black conductors were often motivated by their own
painful experiences, whites were
commonly driven by
religiousconvictions. Levi Coffin, a
Quaker raised in
North Carolina, explained, "The
Bible, in bidding us to feed the hungry and
clothe the
naked, said nothing about color." > >
12 In the 1820s Coffin moved west to Newport (now Fountain City), Indiana, where he opened a store. Word spread that fleeing slaves could always find refuge at the Coffin home. At times he sheltered as many as 17 fugitives at once, and he kept a team and wagon ready to convey them on the next leg of their journey. Eventually three principal routes
converged at the Coffin house, which came to be the
Grand Central Terminal of the Underground Railroad.> > > >
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