章节正文
4. 形容词和副词
4.1 形容词及其用法
形容词修饰名词，说明事物或人的性质或特征。通常，可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类，其位置不一定都放在名词前面。
1）直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词，它有级的变化，可以用程度副词修饰，在句中可作定语、表语和补语。例如：hot。
2）叙述形容词只能作表语，所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化，也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类。例如：afraid 害怕的。
（错） He is an ill man.
（对） The man is ill.
（错） She is an afraid girl.
（对） The girl is afraid.
这类词还有： well，unwell，ill，faint，afraid，alike，alive，alone，asleep，awake 等。
3）形容词作定语修饰名词时，要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing为字尾的词语时，要放在这些词之后。例如：something nice.
4.2 以-ly结尾的形容词
1） 大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但 friendly，deadly，lovely，lonely，likely，lively，ugly，brotherly，仍为形容词。
改错： （错） She sang lovely.
（错） He spoke to me very friendly.
（对） Her singing was lovely.
（对） He spoke to me in a very friendly way.
2）有些以-ly 结尾既为形容词，也为副词，如daily，weekly，monthly，yearly，early等。例如：
The Times is a weekly paper. 《时代周刊》为周刊。
The Times is published weekly. 《时代周刊》每周发行一期。
4.3 用形容词表示类别和整体
1） 某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人，与谓语动词的复数连接，如the dead，the living，the rich，the poor，the blind，the hungry等。例如：
The poor are losing hope. 穷人行将失去希望。
2） 有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体，与动词的复数连用，如the British，the English，the French，the Chinese等。例如：
The English have wonderful sense of humor. 英国人颇有幽默感。
4.4 多个形容词修饰名词的顺序
多个形容词修饰名词时，其顺序为：限定词--数词--描绘词--（大小，长短，形状，新旧，颜色）--出处--材料性质--类别--名词。例如：
a small round table/ a tall gray building/ a dirty old brown shirt/ a famous German medical school/ an expensive Japanese sports car
典型例题:
1） Tony is going camping with ___ boys.
A. little two other B. two little other C. two other little D. little other two
答案：C。由"限定词--数词--描绘词--（大小，长短，形状，新旧，颜色） --性质--名词"的顺序可知数词，描绘词，性质依次顺序，只有C符合答案。
2） One day they crossed the ____bridge behind the palace.
A. old Chinese stone B. Chinese old stone C. old stone Chinese D. Chinese stone old
答案A. 几个形容词修饰一个名词，他们的排列顺序是：年龄，形状，大小+颜色+来源+质地+用途+国家+名词。
3） ---- How was your recent visit to Qingdao?
---- It was great. We visited some friends，and spent the ___days at the seaside.
A. few last sunny B. last few sunny C. last sunny few D. few sunny last
答案：B。本题考查多个形容词的排序问题。一般与被修饰形容词关系密切的形容词靠近名词；如果几个形容词的重要性差不多，音节少的形容词在前，音节多的方在后，在不能确定时，可参照：限定词+数量词（序数词在前，基数词在后）+性状形容词+大小、长短、高低等形体+新旧+颜色+国籍+材料+名词，如those + three + beautiful + large + square +old + brown + wood + table。
4.5 副词及其基本用法
副词主要用来修饰动词，形容词，副词或其他结构。
一、副词的位置
1） 在动词之前。
2） 在be动词、助动词之后。
3） 多个助动词时，副词一般放在第一个助动词后。
注意：
a. 大多数方式副词位于句尾，但宾语过长，副词可以提前，以使句子平衡。例如：
We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us.我们清楚地看到前面有奇怪的光。
b. 方式副词well，badly，hard等只放在句尾。例如：
He speaks English well. 他英语说得好。
二、副词的排列顺序：
1） 时间，地点副词，小单位的在前，大单位在后。
2） 方式副词，短的在前，长的在后，并用and或but等连词连接。例如：
Please write slowly and carefully. 请写得慢一些，仔细一些
3） 多个不同副词排列：程度+地点+方式+时间副词。
注意：副词very 可以修饰形容词，但不能修饰动词。
改错：（错） I very like English.
（对） I like English very much.
注意：副词enough要放在形容词的后面，形容词enough放在名词前后都可。例如：
I don't know him well enough. 他我不熟悉。
There is enough food for everyone to eat.有足够的食物供每个人吃。
There is food enough for everyone to eat.
4.6 兼有两种形式的副词
1） close与closely
close意思是"近"；closely 意思是"仔细地"。例如：
He is sitting close to me. 他就坐在我边上。
Watch him closely. 盯着他。
2） late 与lately
late意思是"晚"；lately 意思是"最近"。例如：
You have come too late. 你来得太晚了。
What have you been doing lately? 近来好吗？
3） deep与deeply
deep意思是"深"，表示空间深度；deeply时常表示感情上的深度，"深深地"。例如：
He pushed the stick deep into the mud.他把棍子深深插进泥里。
Even father was deeply moved by the film.老爸也被电影深深打动了。
4） high与highly
high表示空间高度；highly表示程度，相当于much。例如：
The plane was flying high. 这架飞机飞得很高。
I think highly of your opinion. 你的看法很有道理。
5） wide与widely
wide表示空间宽度；widely意思是"广泛地"，"在许多地方"。例如：
He opened the door wide. 他把门开得大大的。
English is widely used in the world.英语在世界范围内广泛使用。
6） free与freely
free的意思是"免费"；freely 的意思是"无限制地"。例如：
You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like.无论什么时候，我这饭铺免费对你开放。
You may speak freely; say what you like.你可以畅所欲言，想说什么就说什么。
4.7 形容词与副词的比较级
大多数形容词（性质形容词）和副词有比较级和最高级的变化，即原级、比较级和最高级，用来表示事物的等级差别。原级即形容词的原形，比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化两种。
1） 规则变化
单音节词和少数双音节词，加词尾-er，-est来构成比较级和最高级。
构成法
原级
比较级
最高级
一般单音节词未尾加-er,-est
tall
taller
tallest
以不发音的e结尾的单音词和少数以- le结尾的双音节词只加-r,-st
nice
nicer
nicest
以一个辅音字母结尾的闭音节单音节词，双写结尾的辅音字母，再加-er,-est
big
bigger
biggest
"以辅音字母+y"结尾的双音节词，改y为i，再加-er，-est
busy
busier
busiest
少数以-er,-ow结尾的双音节词未尾加-er,-est
clever/narrow
cleverer/ narrower
cleverest/ narrowest
其他双音节词和多音节词，在前面加more，most来构成比较级和最高级
important/ easily
more important/ more easily
most important/ most easily
2） 不规则变化
原级
比较级
最高级
good
better
best
well（健康的）
worse
worst
bad
ill（有病的）
old
older/elder
oldest/eldest
much/many
more
most
little
less
least
far
farther/further
farthest/furthest
4.8. as + 形容词或副词原级 + as
1）在否定句或疑问句中可用so... as。例如：
He cannot run so/as fast as you. 他没你跑得快。
2）当as... as 中间有名词时采用以下格式：as +形容词+ a +单数名词/ as + many/much +名词。例如：
This is as good an example as the other is. 这个例子和另外一个一样好。
I can carry as much paper as you can. 你能搬多少纸，我也能。
3）用表示倍数的词或其他程度副词做修饰语时，放在as的前面。例如：
This room is twice as big as that one. 这房间的面积是那间的两倍。
Your room is the same size as mine. 你的房间和我的一样大。
4）倍数+ as + adj. + as <=> 倍数+ the ... + of。例如：
This bridge is three times as long as that one. 这座桥的长度是那座的三倍。
This bridge is three times the length of that one.
Your room is twice as large as mine. 你的房间是我的两倍大。
Your room is twice the size of mine.
4.9 比较级形容词或副词 + than 。例如：
You are taller than I. 你比我高。
They lights in your room are brighter than those in mine.你房间的那些灯比我房间里的亮。
注意：
1）要避免重复使用比较级。
（错） He is more cleverer than his brother.
（对） He is more clever than his brother.
（对） He is clever than his brother.
2）要避免将主语含在比较对象中。
（错） China is larger than any country in Asia.
（对） China is larger than any other countries in Asia.
3）要注意对应句型，遵循前后一致的原则。
The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing.
It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out.
4）要注意定冠词在比较级中的使用。
比较：Which is larger, Canada or Australia?
Which is the larger country, Canada or Australia?
She is taller than her two sisters.
She is the taller of the two sisters.
4.10 可修饰比较级的词
1）a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even等。
2）还可以用表示倍数的词或度量名词作修饰语。
3）以上词（除by far）外，必须置于比较级形容词或副词的前面。
典型例题：
1）---- Are you feeling ____?
---- Yes，I'm fine now.
A. any well B. any better C. quite good D. quite better
答案：B. any 可修饰比较级，quite修饰原级，well的比较级为better.
2）The experiment was____ easier than we had expected.
A. more B. much more C. much D. more much
答案：C. much可修饰比较级，因此B，C都说得通，但easier本身已是比较级，不需more，因此C为正确答案。
3）If there were no examinations, we should have ___ at school.
A. the happiest time B. a more happier time C. much happiest time D. a much happier time
答案：D。
4.11 many, old 和 far
1） 如果后接名词时，much more +不可数名词，many more +可数名词复数。
2） old 有两种比较级和最高级形式: older/oldest 和elder/eldest。elder，eldest 只用于兄弟姐妹的长幼关系。例如：
My elder brother is an engineer. 我哥哥是个工程师。
Mary is the eldest of the three sisters. 玛丽是三姐妹中最大的。
3） far 有两种比较级，farther，further。一般father 表示距离，further表示进一步。例如：
I have nothing further to say. 我没什么要说了。
4.12 the + 最高级 + 比较范围
1）形容词最高级前通常必须用定冠词 the，副词最高级前可不用。例如：
The Sahara is the biggest desert in the world. 撒哈拉沙漠是世界上最大的沙漠。
形容词most前面没有the，不表示最高级的含义，只表示"非常"。例如：
It is a most important problem. =It is a very important problem. 这是个很重要的问题。
注意：使用最高级要注意将主语包括在比较范围内。
（错） Tom is the tallest of his three brothers.
（对） Tom is the tallest of the three brothers.
2） 下列词可修饰最高级，by far, far, much, mostly, almost。例如：
This hat is nearly / almost the biggest. 这帽子差不多是最大的了。
注意：
a. very可修饰最高级，但位置与much不同。
This is the very best.
This is much the best.
b. 序数词通常只修饰最高级。例如：
Africa is the second largest continent.非洲是第二大洲。
3） 最高级的意义有时可以用比较级表示出来。例如：
Mike is the most intelligent in his class. 马克是班上最聪明的。
Mike is more intelligent than any other students in his class.
4） "否定词语+比较级"，"否定词语+ so... as"结构也可以表示最高级含义。例如：
Nothing is so easy as this. 没比这更简单的了。
=Nothing is easier than this.
=This is the easiest thing.
4.13 和more有关的词组，
1） the more...the more... 越......就越......。例如：
The harder you work，the greater progress you'll make. 越努力，进步越大。
2） more B than A=less A than B 与其说A不如说B。例如：
He is more lazy than slow at his work. = He is less slow than lazy at his work. 他工作时，与其说是反应慢不如说是懒。
3） no more... than... 与......一样......，不比......多。例如：
The officials could see no more than the Emperor. 官员们看到的和皇帝一样多。
no less... than... 与......一样......。例如：
He is no less diligent than you. 他和你一样勤勉。
4） more than 不只是，非常。例如：
She is more than kind to us all. 她对我们非常热心。
典型例题
1）The weather in China is different from____.
A. in America B. one in America C. America
D. that in America
答案：D. 本题意为"中国的天气比美国热。"比较的是天气而不是国家，C不能选。A没有名词，后句成分不全，排除。B和D中，B中的one常用来代替可数名词，而that可车以代替不可数或抽象名词，所以选D。
2）After the new technique was introduced，the factory produced ___ tractors in 1988 as the year before.
A. as twice many B. as many twice C. twice as many D. twice many as
答案C. 此句意为"这个厂1988能生产的拖拉机是往年的两倍"。表示倍数用"倍数+ as + 形容词原形+ as +比较对象"的句型。所以此句答案为C。
4.14 形容词和副词练习
1. The modern machine proved ______ in heart surgery.
a. high valuable b. highly valuable c. valuable high d. valuable highly
2. Mr. Johnson and his ______ daughter do not always understand each other.
a. older b. the oldest c. eldest d. the eldest
3. They ______ thought that the truth would be finally discovered.
a. little b. not c. small d. bit
4. They hardly believe that the apartment which costs them $ 4,000 is ______.
a. so small b. such little c. so little d. such small
5. If a claim is kept ______, it is more likely to be recognized.
a. live b. lived c. alive d. living
6. On his way to school he met ______, so he sent him to hospital.
a. very ill man b. much sick man c. serious ill man d. very sick man
7. She was operated a month ago but now she was ______.
a. very good b. very well c. healthy d. good conditioned
8. What I would do is to go ______.
a. really quietly somewhere b. somewhere quietly really
c. really quiet somewhere d. somewhere really quiet
9. The chairman asked ______ to write their questions on a piece of paper and send them to the front.
a. the present members b. the members presently
c. the members present d. the presently members
10. The price was very reasonable; I would gladly have paid ______ he asked.
a. three times much as b. three times as many as
c. as three times much as d. three times as much as
11. The trousers are ______, but Tom does not care a bit.
a. too a little small b. a little too small c. a too little small d. a small too little
12. She wore a dress to the party that was far more attractive than ______.
a. other girls b. that of other girls c. the other girls d. those of other girls
13. he can play tennis better than ______ in the class.
a. any boys b. any other boy c. any boy d. any other
14. Kasia is taking her ______ tour of the shops in search of bargains.
a. daily b. day c. day time d. night
15. ______ the child expresses his interest in an activity, the stronger it will become.
a. The more frequent b. The frequenter c. The more frequently d. the frequentlier
16. We'd better wait _______ , Peter and Tom will come very soon.
a. a little longer b. more longer c. long d. as longer
17. although the medicine tastes ______, it seems to help my condition.
a. bad b. badly c. too much bad d. too badly
18. When she got her first month salary, Diana bought herself ______ dress.
a. a cotton , blue ...expensive b. an expensive ... blue, cotton
c. a blue, expensive ... cotton d. a cotton, expensive... blue
19. The doctors have tried ______ to save the life of the wounded soldier.
a. everything possible humanly b. humanly everything possible
c. everything humanly possible d. humanly possible everything
20. I was worried very much because I'll miss my flight if the bus arrives ______.
a. lately b. late c. latter d. more later
21. The noise outside was ______ his speech was hardly audible.
a. too irritating that b. so irritating so c. so irritating that d. so irritating enough that
22. The harder the shrub is to grow, ______.
a. the more higher price it b. the higher price it is
c. the higher the price is d. the higher is the price
23. The photographs of Mars taken by satellite are ______ taken from the earth.
a. clearest than those b. clearer than that
c. much clear than those d. much clearer than those
24. ______ anywhere in the United States costs less than a dollar when you dial it yourself.
a. Three-minute call b. A three-minutes call
c. A three-minute call d. A three-minutes-call
25. We arrived ______ Professor Baker had already called the roll.
a. so lately that b. as late that c. so later that d. so late that
26. It is ______ that I would like to go to the beach.
a. so nice weather b. such nice weather c. so nice a weather d. such a nice weather
27. Her little car isn't ______ to seat more than two people comfortably.
a. big enough b. enough big c. so big enough d. big as enough
28. His score on the exam was ______ to qualify him for a graduate program.
a. too good b. well enough c. as high as d. good enough
29. The plane is scheduled to arrive ______ because of bad weather.
a. lately b. late c. later d. latest
30. There are ______ that I can't finish them.
a. so long assignments b. such long assignments
c. long assignments d. so very long assignments
31. Bats find their way by squeaking ______ and guiding themselves by echoes.
a. very fast b. very fastly c. much faster d. most fastly
32. Your application will be considered ______ your file is completed.
a. as quickly as b. as soon as c. as fast as d. as early as
33. This dress is prettier, but it costs ______ that one.
a. twice more than b. twice as much as c. as much twice as d. twice so much as
34. A new shopping center on the north side will have ______.
a. five hundred more than shops b. as more than five hundred shops
c. five hundred shops more than d. more than five hundred shops
35. The more you study during the semester, ______ you have to study the week before exams.
a. the less b. the lesser c. less d. the little
36. To answer accurately is more important than ______.
a. a quick finish b. to finish quickly c. finishing quickly d. you finish quickly
37. When a body enters the earth's atmosphere, it travels ______.
a. in a rapid manner b. fastly c. with great speed d. very rapidly
38. The salary of a taxi driver is much higher _______.
a. in comparison with the salary of a teacher b. than a teacher
c. than that of a teacher d. to compare as a teacher
39. Frost occurs in valleys and on low grounds ______ on adjacent hills.
a. more frequently as b. as frequently than
c. more frequently than d. frequently than
40. She can speak _______ in front of Mack, but she can't eat ______ in his restaurant.
a. free, free b. free, freely c. freely, free d. freely, freely
41. You will have to practice ______ times before you can do it.
a. may more b. more several c. more often d. more many
42. I have been going to Shanghai ______ than I used to.
a. lesser b. less c. fewer d. less often
43. Tuition at American university runs ______ one thousand dollars a semester.
a. so high as b. as high to c. as high as d. as higher than
44. I enjoy the concert last night; they played ______ beautiful music.
a. such b. such a c. so d. so a
45. Several day ______, I saw the man again on the street.
a. late b. later c. latter d. last
46. When electricity was first invented, people refused to believe such a thing ______.
a. impossible b. possibly c. possible d. impossibly
47. The reason why so many people sit before the television tonight is that there will be a ______ show.
a. living b. live c. alive d. lived
48. When the three boys met one another, they found they looked very much ______. Then they knew they were triplet.
a. like b. alike c. likely d. liked
49. The doctor assured the patient that there was ______ with her, but she could not help worrying.
a. seriously wrong nothing b. nothing serious wrong
c. nothing seriously wrong d. serious nothing wrong
50. If you live in Wuhan one day and in Shenyang the next, you ______ the change in temperature.
a. are certainly to feel b. certainly feel c. are to feel certainly d. are certain to feel
51. As a safety precaution, all drivers carry only enough money to make change for ______.
a. a bill of ten-dollar b. a ten-dollars bill
c. a ten-dollar bill d. a tens-dollar bill
52. When I spent holidays Europe, I bought _____ vases.
a. two lovely big old German b. two lovely old big German
c. two German big old lovely d. lovely big two old German
53. Everyone will agree that food in the south is as good as ______ in the country.
a. other region b. any other region c. that of any region d. that of any other region
54. Stars are so far away that they are ______ spots of light when seen from the earth.
a. nothing more as b. anything more than
c. more than d. nothing more than
55. What deeply impressed his was that magnificent ______.
a. eight-century-old b. eight-centuries c. old-eight-centuries d. eight-century's-old
56. _______ focus on cultural differences between Chinese and Western societies.
a. The below text and dialogues b. Below the text and dialogues
c. The text and dialogues below d. Text and dialogues the below
57. People will be able to fly from one planet to another in ______.
a. little nasty arrow-shaped tubes b. nasty little arrow-shaped tubes
c. arrow-shaped little nasty tubes d. arrow-shaped little nasty tubes
58. Beginning in the late 19th century, the _______ rise in the productivity of England was just ______ less than Germany and the U.S.
a. year...slightly b. yearly...slight c. yearly...slightly d. year...slightly
59. In Spain, officials estimate that ______ 75 percent of the current violent crime is drug related.
a. much as b. as much as c. as many as d. as great
60. You should spend ______ in the study of the various senses and uses of the common words.
a. much time as you can b. as time much as you can
c. time as many as you can d. as much time as you can
61. Professor Chen asked us to write ______ essay on individual differences in second language learning.
a. a no more than two-thousand-word b. a less two-thousand-words
c. a less than two-thousands-words d. a no more two than thousand word
62. Her voice is ______.
a. loud b. aloud c. loudly d. loudness
63. That so many advances have been made in ______ is the most valid argument for retaining the research unit.
a. such short time b. so a short time c. such a short time d. such short a time
64. ______ curriculum includes all experiences which the students may have within the environment of the school.
a. Broad speaking b. Speaking broadly c. Broadly speaking d. Broadly
65. Since taxi fare in the city may run ______ twenty dollars, I suggest that you take a bus.
a. as high as b. as expensive as c. so high that d. so expensive as
66. If negotiations for the new trade agreements take ______, critical food shortages will develop in several countries.
a. too much longer b. much too long c. the longest d. the longer
67. If he had followed the directions carefully in taking the medicine, he would have felt better ______.
a. much quicker b. more quick c. much quickly d. more quickly
68. Since he spent his childhood in France, Jack is able to converse in French ______.
a. rather good b. quite better c. fairly more d. rather well
69. Of the two cars that the Smiths have, the Plymouth is, without any question, ______.
a. the cheapest to run b. the cheaper to run c. cheaper d. more cheaper
70. With ______ three inches of rain falling in a six-month period, the farmers found it necessary to irrigate the land
a. less than b. little than c. fewer than d. less few than
71. On a small marble table in the center of her boudoir stands ______ vase.
a. a little exquisiteantique brown Chinese porcelain
b. an exquisite little antique brown Chinese porcelain
c. an antique little exquisite brown Chinese porcelain
d. a Chinese antique little expensive brown porcelain
72. "When is Tom going to leave?"
"He is going to leave ______ this week."
a. sometimes b. some time c. sometime d. somewhat
73. The librarian insists that Dana take ______ books from library before she returns the dictionary she borrowed last month.
a. no b. many c. not many d. no more
74. The facilities of the older hospital are ______ the new hospital.
a. as good or better than b. as good as or better as
c. as good as or better than d. as good as or better than those of
75. ______ iron has relatively few economical uses.
a. Chemical pure b. Chemically pure c. Pure chemical d. Purely chemical
76. I walked 8 miles today. I never guessed that I could walk ______ far.
a. much b. that c. such d. as
77. They _____ to our proposal.
a. have not still responded b. have not responded still
c. have still not responded d. still have not responded
78. True hibernation takes place only among ______ animals.
a. whose blood is warm b. blood worm
c. warm-blooded d. they have warm blood
79. He works ______.
a. lone b. lonely c. alone d. lonesome
80. A _____ road goes ______ from our college to the center.
a. straight...straight b. straightly...straightly c. straight...straightly d. straightly...straight
关键字:英语语法
生词表:
4.1 形容词及其用法
形容词修饰名词，说明事物或人的性质或特征。通常，可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类，其位置不一定都放在名词前面。
1）直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词，它有级的变化，可以用程度副词修饰，在句中可作定语、表语和补语。例如：hot。
2）叙述形容词只能作表语，所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化，也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类。例如：afraid 害怕的。
（错） He is an ill man.
（对） The man is ill.
（错） She is an afraid girl.
（对） The girl is afraid.
这类词还有： well，unwell，ill，faint，afraid，alike，alive，alone，asleep，awake 等。
3）形容词作定语修饰名词时，要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing为字尾的词语时，要放在这些词之后。例如：something nice.
4.2 以-ly结尾的形容词
1） 大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但 friendly，deadly，lovely，lonely，likely，lively，ugly，brotherly，仍为形容词。
改错： （错） She sang lovely.
（错） He spoke to me very friendly.
（对） Her singing was lovely.
（对） He spoke to me in a very friendly way.
2）有些以-ly 结尾既为形容词，也为副词，如daily，weekly，monthly，yearly，early等。例如：
The Times is a weekly paper. 《时代周刊》为周刊。
The Times is published weekly. 《时代周刊》每周发行一期。
4.3 用形容词表示类别和整体
1） 某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人，与谓语动词的复数连接，如the dead，the living，the rich，the poor，the blind，the hungry等。例如：
The poor are losing hope. 穷人行将失去希望。
2） 有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体，与动词的复数连用，如the British，the English，the French，the Chinese等。例如：
The English have wonderful sense of humor. 英国人颇有幽默感。
4.4 多个形容词修饰名词的顺序
多个形容词修饰名词时，其顺序为：限定词--数词--描绘词--（大小，长短，形状，新旧，颜色）--出处--材料性质--类别--名词。例如：
a small round table/ a tall gray building/ a dirty old brown shirt/ a famous German medical school/ an expensive Japanese sports car
典型例题:
1） Tony is going camping with ___ boys.
A. little two other B. two little other C. two other little D. little other two
答案：C。由"限定词--数词--描绘词--（大小，长短，形状，新旧，颜色） --性质--名词"的顺序可知数词，描绘词，性质依次顺序，只有C符合答案。
2） One day they crossed the ____bridge behind the palace.
A. old Chinese stone B. Chinese old stone C. old stone Chinese D. Chinese stone old
答案A. 几个形容词修饰一个名词，他们的排列顺序是：年龄，形状，大小+颜色+来源+质地+用途+国家+名词。
3） ---- How was your recent visit to Qingdao?
---- It was great. We visited some friends，and spent the ___days at the seaside.
A. few last sunny B. last few sunny C. last sunny few D. few sunny last
答案：B。本题考查多个形容词的排序问题。一般与被修饰形容词关系密切的形容词靠近名词；如果几个形容词的重要性差不多，音节少的形容词在前，音节多的方在后，在不能确定时，可参照：限定词+数量词（序数词在前，基数词在后）+性状形容词+大小、长短、高低等形体+新旧+颜色+国籍+材料+名词，如those + three + beautiful + large + square +old + brown + wood + table。
4.5 副词及其基本用法
副词主要用来修饰动词，形容词，副词或其他结构。
一、副词的位置
1） 在动词之前。
2） 在be动词、助动词之后。
3） 多个助动词时，副词一般放在第一个助动词后。
注意：
a. 大多数方式副词位于句尾，但宾语过长，副词可以提前，以使句子平衡。例如：
We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us.我们清楚地看到前面有奇怪的光。
b. 方式副词well，badly，hard等只放在句尾。例如：
He speaks English well. 他英语说得好。
二、副词的排列顺序：
1） 时间，地点副词，小单位的在前，大单位在后。
2） 方式副词，短的在前，长的在后，并用and或but等连词连接。例如：
Please write slowly and carefully. 请写得慢一些，仔细一些
3） 多个不同副词排列：程度+地点+方式+时间副词。
注意：副词very 可以修饰形容词，但不能修饰动词。
改错：（错） I very like English.
（对） I like English very much.
注意：副词enough要放在形容词的后面，形容词enough放在名词前后都可。例如：
I don't know him well enough. 他我不熟悉。
There is enough food for everyone to eat.有足够的食物供每个人吃。
There is food enough for everyone to eat.
4.6 兼有两种形式的副词
1） close与closely
close意思是"近"；closely 意思是"仔细地"。例如：
He is sitting close to me. 他就坐在我边上。
Watch him closely. 盯着他。
2） late 与lately
late意思是"晚"；lately 意思是"最近"。例如：
You have come too late. 你来得太晚了。
What have you been doing lately? 近来好吗？
3） deep与deeply
deep意思是"深"，表示空间深度；deeply时常表示感情上的深度，"深深地"。例如：
He pushed the stick deep into the mud.他把棍子深深插进泥里。
Even father was deeply moved by the film.老爸也被电影深深打动了。
4） high与highly
high表示空间高度；highly表示程度，相当于much。例如：
The plane was flying high. 这架飞机飞得很高。
I think highly of your opinion. 你的看法很有道理。
5） wide与widely
wide表示空间宽度；widely意思是"广泛地"，"在许多地方"。例如：
He opened the door wide. 他把门开得大大的。
English is widely used in the world.英语在世界范围内广泛使用。
6） free与freely
free的意思是"免费"；freely 的意思是"无限制地"。例如：
You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like.无论什么时候，我这饭铺免费对你开放。
You may speak freely; say what you like.你可以畅所欲言，想说什么就说什么。
4.7 形容词与副词的比较级
大多数形容词（性质形容词）和副词有比较级和最高级的变化，即原级、比较级和最高级，用来表示事物的等级差别。原级即形容词的原形，比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化两种。
1） 规则变化
单音节词和少数双音节词，加词尾-er，-est来构成比较级和最高级。
构成法
原级
比较级
最高级
一般单音节词未尾加-er,-est
tall
taller
tallest
以不发音的e结尾的单音词和少数以- le结尾的双音节词只加-r,-st
nice
nicer
nicest
以一个辅音字母结尾的闭音节单音节词，双写结尾的辅音字母，再加-er,-est
big
bigger
biggest
"以辅音字母+y"结尾的双音节词，改y为i，再加-er，-est
busy
busier
busiest
少数以-er,-ow结尾的双音节词未尾加-er,-est
clever/narrow
cleverer/ narrower
cleverest/ narrowest
其他双音节词和多音节词，在前面加more，most来构成比较级和最高级
important/ easily
more important/ more easily
most important/ most easily
2） 不规则变化
原级
比较级
最高级
good
better
best
well（健康的）
worse
worst
bad
ill（有病的）
old
older/elder
oldest/eldest
much/many
more
most
little
less
least
far
farther/further
farthest/furthest
4.8. as + 形容词或副词原级 + as
1）在否定句或疑问句中可用so... as。例如：
He cannot run so/as fast as you. 他没你跑得快。
2）当as... as 中间有名词时采用以下格式：as +形容词+ a +单数名词/ as + many/much +名词。例如：
This is as good an example as the other is. 这个例子和另外一个一样好。
I can carry as much paper as you can. 你能搬多少纸，我也能。
3）用表示倍数的词或其他程度副词做修饰语时，放在as的前面。例如：
This room is twice as big as that one. 这房间的面积是那间的两倍。
Your room is the same size as mine. 你的房间和我的一样大。
4）倍数+ as + adj. + as <=> 倍数+ the ... + of。例如：
This bridge is three times as long as that one. 这座桥的长度是那座的三倍。
This bridge is three times the length of that one.
Your room is twice as large as mine. 你的房间是我的两倍大。
Your room is twice the size of mine.
4.9 比较级形容词或副词 + than 。例如：
You are taller than I. 你比我高。
They lights in your room are brighter than those in mine.你房间的那些灯比我房间里的亮。
注意：
1）要避免重复使用比较级。
（错） He is more cleverer than his brother.
（对） He is more clever than his brother.
（对） He is clever than his brother.
2）要避免将主语含在比较对象中。
（错） China is larger than any country in Asia.
（对） China is larger than any other countries in Asia.
3）要注意对应句型，遵循前后一致的原则。
The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing.
It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out.
4）要注意定冠词在比较级中的使用。
比较：Which is larger, Canada or Australia?
Which is the larger country, Canada or Australia?
She is taller than her two sisters.
She is the taller of the two sisters.
4.10 可修饰比较级的词
1）a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even等。
2）还可以用表示倍数的词或度量名词作修饰语。
3）以上词（除by far）外，必须置于比较级形容词或副词的前面。
典型例题：
1）---- Are you feeling ____?
---- Yes，I'm fine now.
A. any well B. any better C. quite good D. quite better
答案：B. any 可修饰比较级，quite修饰原级，well的比较级为better.
2）The experiment was____ easier than we had expected.
A. more B. much more C. much D. more much
答案：C. much可修饰比较级，因此B，C都说得通，但easier本身已是比较级，不需more，因此C为正确答案。
3）If there were no examinations, we should have ___ at school.
A. the happiest time B. a more happier time C. much happiest time D. a much happier time
答案：D。
4.11 many, old 和 far
1） 如果后接名词时，much more +不可数名词，many more +可数名词复数。
2） old 有两种比较级和最高级形式: older/oldest 和elder/eldest。elder，eldest 只用于兄弟姐妹的长幼关系。例如：
My elder brother is an engineer. 我哥哥是个工程师。
Mary is the eldest of the three sisters. 玛丽是三姐妹中最大的。
3） far 有两种比较级，farther，further。一般father 表示距离，further表示进一步。例如：
I have nothing further to say. 我没什么要说了。
4.12 the + 最高级 + 比较范围
1）形容词最高级前通常必须用定冠词 the，副词最高级前可不用。例如：
The Sahara is the biggest desert in the world. 撒哈拉沙漠是世界上最大的沙漠。
形容词most前面没有the，不表示最高级的含义，只表示"非常"。例如：
It is a most important problem. =It is a very important problem. 这是个很重要的问题。
注意：使用最高级要注意将主语包括在比较范围内。
（错） Tom is the tallest of his three brothers.
（对） Tom is the tallest of the three brothers.
2） 下列词可修饰最高级，by far, far, much, mostly, almost。例如：
This hat is nearly / almost the biggest. 这帽子差不多是最大的了。
注意：
a. very可修饰最高级，但位置与much不同。
This is the very best.
This is much the best.
b. 序数词通常只修饰最高级。例如：
Africa is the second largest continent.非洲是第二大洲。
3） 最高级的意义有时可以用比较级表示出来。例如：
Mike is the most intelligent in his class. 马克是班上最聪明的。
Mike is more intelligent than any other students in his class.
4） "否定词语+比较级"，"否定词语+ so... as"结构也可以表示最高级含义。例如：
Nothing is so easy as this. 没比这更简单的了。
=Nothing is easier than this.
=This is the easiest thing.
4.13 和more有关的词组，
1） the more...the more... 越......就越......。例如：
The harder you work，the greater progress you'll make. 越努力，进步越大。
2） more B than A=less A than B 与其说A不如说B。例如：
He is more lazy than slow at his work. = He is less slow than lazy at his work. 他工作时，与其说是反应慢不如说是懒。
3） no more... than... 与......一样......，不比......多。例如：
The officials could see no more than the Emperor. 官员们看到的和皇帝一样多。
no less... than... 与......一样......。例如：
He is no less diligent than you. 他和你一样勤勉。
4） more than 不只是，非常。例如：
She is more than kind to us all. 她对我们非常热心。
典型例题
1）The weather in China is different from____.
A. in America B. one in America C. America
D. that in America
答案：D. 本题意为"中国的天气比美国热。"比较的是天气而不是国家，C不能选。A没有名词，后句成分不全，排除。B和D中，B中的one常用来代替可数名词，而that可车以代替不可数或抽象名词，所以选D。
2）After the new technique was introduced，the factory produced ___ tractors in 1988 as the year before.
A. as twice many B. as many twice C. twice as many D. twice many as
答案C. 此句意为"这个厂1988能生产的拖拉机是往年的两倍"。表示倍数用"倍数+ as + 形容词原形+ as +比较对象"的句型。所以此句答案为C。
4.14 形容词和副词练习
1. The modern machine proved ______ in heart surgery.
a. high valuable b. highly valuable c. valuable high d. valuable highly
2. Mr. Johnson and his ______ daughter do not always understand each other.
a. older b. the oldest c. eldest d. the eldest
3. They ______ thought that the truth would be finally discovered.
a. little b. not c. small d. bit
4. They hardly believe that the apartment which costs them $ 4,000 is ______.
a. so small b. such little c. so little d. such small
5. If a claim is kept ______, it is more likely to be recognized.
a. live b. lived c. alive d. living
6. On his way to school he met ______, so he sent him to hospital.
a. very ill man b. much sick man c. serious ill man d. very sick man
7. She was operated a month ago but now she was ______.
a. very good b. very well c. healthy d. good conditioned
8. What I would do is to go ______.
a. really quietly somewhere b. somewhere quietly really
c. really quiet somewhere d. somewhere really quiet
9. The chairman asked ______ to write their questions on a piece of paper and send them to the front.
a. the present members b. the members presently
c. the members present d. the presently members
10. The price was very reasonable; I would gladly have paid ______ he asked.
a. three times much as b. three times as many as
c. as three times much as d. three times as much as
11. The trousers are ______, but Tom does not care a bit.
a. too a little small b. a little too small c. a too little small d. a small too little
12. She wore a dress to the party that was far more attractive than ______.
a. other girls b. that of other girls c. the other girls d. those of other girls
13. he can play tennis better than ______ in the class.
a. any boys b. any other boy c. any boy d. any other
14. Kasia is taking her ______ tour of the shops in search of bargains.
a. daily b. day c. day time d. night
15. ______ the child expresses his interest in an activity, the stronger it will become.
a. The more frequent b. The frequenter c. The more frequently d. the frequentlier
16. We'd better wait _______ , Peter and Tom will come very soon.
a. a little longer b. more longer c. long d. as longer
17. although the medicine tastes ______, it seems to help my condition.
a. bad b. badly c. too much bad d. too badly
18. When she got her first month salary, Diana bought herself ______ dress.
a. a cotton , blue ...expensive b. an expensive ... blue, cotton
c. a blue, expensive ... cotton d. a cotton, expensive... blue
19. The doctors have tried ______ to save the life of the wounded soldier.
a. everything possible humanly b. humanly everything possible
c. everything humanly possible d. humanly possible everything
20. I was worried very much because I'll miss my flight if the bus arrives ______.
a. lately b. late c. latter d. more later
21. The noise outside was ______ his speech was hardly audible.
a. too irritating that b. so irritating so c. so irritating that d. so irritating enough that
22. The harder the shrub is to grow, ______.
a. the more higher price it b. the higher price it is
c. the higher the price is d. the higher is the price
23. The photographs of Mars taken by satellite are ______ taken from the earth.
a. clearest than those b. clearer than that
c. much clear than those d. much clearer than those
24. ______ anywhere in the United States costs less than a dollar when you dial it yourself.
a. Three-minute call b. A three-minutes call
c. A three-minute call d. A three-minutes-call
25. We arrived ______ Professor Baker had already called the roll.
a. so lately that b. as late that c. so later that d. so late that
26. It is ______ that I would like to go to the beach.
a. so nice weather b. such nice weather c. so nice a weather d. such a nice weather
27. Her little car isn't ______ to seat more than two people comfortably.
a. big enough b. enough big c. so big enough d. big as enough
28. His score on the exam was ______ to qualify him for a graduate program.
a. too good b. well enough c. as high as d. good enough
29. The plane is scheduled to arrive ______ because of bad weather.
a. lately b. late c. later d. latest
30. There are ______ that I can't finish them.
a. so long assignments b. such long assignments
c. long assignments d. so very long assignments
31. Bats find their way by squeaking ______ and guiding themselves by echoes.
a. very fast b. very fastly c. much faster d. most fastly
32. Your application will be considered ______ your file is completed.
a. as quickly as b. as soon as c. as fast as d. as early as
33. This dress is prettier, but it costs ______ that one.
a. twice more than b. twice as much as c. as much twice as d. twice so much as
34. A new shopping center on the north side will have ______.
a. five hundred more than shops b. as more than five hundred shops
c. five hundred shops more than d. more than five hundred shops
35. The more you study during the semester, ______ you have to study the week before exams.
a. the less b. the lesser c. less d. the little
36. To answer accurately is more important than ______.
a. a quick finish b. to finish quickly c. finishing quickly d. you finish quickly
37. When a body enters the earth's atmosphere, it travels ______.
a. in a rapid manner b. fastly c. with great speed d. very rapidly
38. The salary of a taxi driver is much higher _______.
a. in comparison with the salary of a teacher b. than a teacher
c. than that of a teacher d. to compare as a teacher
39. Frost occurs in valleys and on low grounds ______ on adjacent hills.
a. more frequently as b. as frequently than
c. more frequently than d. frequently than
40. She can speak _______ in front of Mack, but she can't eat ______ in his restaurant.
a. free, free b. free, freely c. freely, free d. freely, freely
41. You will have to practice ______ times before you can do it.
a. may more b. more several c. more often d. more many
42. I have been going to Shanghai ______ than I used to.
a. lesser b. less c. fewer d. less often
43. Tuition at American university runs ______ one thousand dollars a semester.
a. so high as b. as high to c. as high as d. as higher than
44. I enjoy the concert last night; they played ______ beautiful music.
a. such b. such a c. so d. so a
45. Several day ______, I saw the man again on the street.
a. late b. later c. latter d. last
46. When electricity was first invented, people refused to believe such a thing ______.
a. impossible b. possibly c. possible d. impossibly
47. The reason why so many people sit before the television tonight is that there will be a ______ show.
a. living b. live c. alive d. lived
48. When the three boys met one another, they found they looked very much ______. Then they knew they were triplet.
a. like b. alike c. likely d. liked
49. The doctor assured the patient that there was ______ with her, but she could not help worrying.
a. seriously wrong nothing b. nothing serious wrong
c. nothing seriously wrong d. serious nothing wrong
50. If you live in Wuhan one day and in Shenyang the next, you ______ the change in temperature.
a. are certainly to feel b. certainly feel c. are to feel certainly d. are certain to feel
51. As a safety precaution, all drivers carry only enough money to make change for ______.
a. a bill of ten-dollar b. a ten-dollars bill
c. a ten-dollar bill d. a tens-dollar bill
52. When I spent holidays Europe, I bought _____ vases.
a. two lovely big old German b. two lovely old big German
c. two German big old lovely d. lovely big two old German
53. Everyone will agree that food in the south is as good as ______ in the country.
a. other region b. any other region c. that of any region d. that of any other region
54. Stars are so far away that they are ______ spots of light when seen from the earth.
a. nothing more as b. anything more than
c. more than d. nothing more than
55. What deeply impressed his was that magnificent ______.
a. eight-century-old b. eight-centuries c. old-eight-centuries d. eight-century's-old
56. _______ focus on cultural differences between Chinese and Western societies.
a. The below text and dialogues b. Below the text and dialogues
c. The text and dialogues below d. Text and dialogues the below
57. People will be able to fly from one planet to another in ______.
a. little nasty arrow-shaped tubes b. nasty little arrow-shaped tubes
c. arrow-shaped little nasty tubes d. arrow-shaped little nasty tubes
58. Beginning in the late 19th century, the _______ rise in the productivity of England was just ______ less than Germany and the U.S.
a. year...slightly b. yearly...slight c. yearly...slightly d. year...slightly
59. In Spain, officials estimate that ______ 75 percent of the current violent crime is drug related.
a. much as b. as much as c. as many as d. as great
60. You should spend ______ in the study of the various senses and uses of the common words.
a. much time as you can b. as time much as you can
c. time as many as you can d. as much time as you can
61. Professor Chen asked us to write ______ essay on individual differences in second language learning.
a. a no more than two-thousand-word b. a less two-thousand-words
c. a less than two-thousands-words d. a no more two than thousand word
62. Her voice is ______.
a. loud b. aloud c. loudly d. loudness
63. That so many advances have been made in ______ is the most valid argument for retaining the research unit.
a. such short time b. so a short time c. such a short time d. such short a time
64. ______ curriculum includes all experiences which the students may have within the environment of the school.
a. Broad speaking b. Speaking broadly c. Broadly speaking d. Broadly
65. Since taxi fare in the city may run ______ twenty dollars, I suggest that you take a bus.
a. as high as b. as expensive as c. so high that d. so expensive as
66. If negotiations for the new trade agreements take ______, critical food shortages will develop in several countries.
a. too much longer b. much too long c. the longest d. the longer
67. If he had followed the directions carefully in taking the medicine, he would have felt better ______.
a. much quicker b. more quick c. much quickly d. more quickly
68. Since he spent his childhood in France, Jack is able to converse in French ______.
a. rather good b. quite better c. fairly more d. rather well
69. Of the two cars that the Smiths have, the Plymouth is, without any question, ______.
a. the cheapest to run b. the cheaper to run c. cheaper d. more cheaper
70. With ______ three inches of rain falling in a six-month period, the farmers found it necessary to irrigate the land
a. less than b. little than c. fewer than d. less few than
71. On a small marble table in the center of her boudoir stands ______ vase.
a. a little exquisiteantique brown Chinese porcelain
b. an exquisite little antique brown Chinese porcelain
c. an antique little exquisite brown Chinese porcelain
d. a Chinese antique little expensive brown porcelain
72. "When is Tom going to leave?"
"He is going to leave ______ this week."
a. sometimes b. some time c. sometime d. somewhat
73. The librarian insists that Dana take ______ books from library before she returns the dictionary she borrowed last month.
a. no b. many c. not many d. no more
74. The facilities of the older hospital are ______ the new hospital.
a. as good or better than b. as good as or better as
c. as good as or better than d. as good as or better than those of
75. ______ iron has relatively few economical uses.
a. Chemical pure b. Chemically pure c. Pure chemical d. Purely chemical
76. I walked 8 miles today. I never guessed that I could walk ______ far.
a. much b. that c. such d. as
77. They _____ to our proposal.
a. have not still responded b. have not responded still
c. have still not responded d. still have not responded
78. True hibernation takes place only among ______ animals.
a. whose blood is warm b. blood worm
c. warm-blooded d. they have warm blood
79. He works ______.
a. lone b. lonely c. alone d. lonesome
80. A _____ road goes ______ from our college to the center.
a. straight...straight b. straightly...straightly c. straight...straightly d. straightly...straight
关键字:英语语法
生词表:
- bridge [bridʒ]
n.桥(梁)；鼻梁；桥牌 四级词汇 - technique [tek´ni:k] n.技术；技巧；方法 六级词汇
- taking [´teikiŋ] a.迷人的 n.捕获物 六级词汇
- satellite [´sætəlait] n.(人造)卫星；随从 六级词汇
- lesser [´lesə] a.较小的；次要的 四级词汇
- accurately [´ækjuritli] ad.准确地；精密地 四级词汇
- adjacent [ə´dʒeisənt] a.接近的；紧接着的 四级词汇
- assured [ə´ʃuəd] a.确实的 n.被保险人 六级词汇
- speaking [´spi:kiŋ] n.说话 a.发言的 六级词汇
- broadly [´brɔ:dli] ad.广，宽；明白；粗鲁 六级词汇
- plymouth [´pliməθ] n.普利茅斯 四级词汇
- irrigate [´irigeit] vt.灌溉；冲洗 六级词汇
- antique [æn´ti:k] a.古代的 n.古物(董) 四级词汇
- librarian [lai´breəriən] n.图书馆管理员，馆长 六级词汇
- economical [,i:kə´nɔmikəl] a.节俭的；经济的 四级词汇
文章标签:大全 英语语法 形容词 副词
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