Model 2: Positive-enhancement
Writing 1
2004年

As is shown in the picture, on arriving at the finishing line of a race on the playground, the active young man has to continue his new journey in no time instead of stopping to take a rest. He has successfully settled the puzzle of "stopping or going on" which might have confused many others.
With the increasing pace of modern life, perhaps no change has characterized the past decade more dramatically than that of people's view on their own life. It is generally agreed that people have to adjust themselves to this new change. On the one hand, no doubt, people will gain a lot by setting new goals in their daily life. Take the famous scientist Thomas Edison as an example. He had done very well in his early life, but continued to pursue something more difficult throughout his life. On the other hand, if one is obsessed with the success he has achieved, he would lose the chance to pursue new success. What is more, he may become the slave of his success. There are many cases showing that people lose their courage to better themselves after becoming successful.
To sum up, one's view on his success determines his future. In my opinion, it is necessary to carry out a nation-wide campaign publicizing people who have a burning desire for more and ever greater achievement when they are already well known. As a result, people in all walks of life will develop a forward-looking attitude and make their life worth living and the world more beautiful as well. (261 words, 55/137/69)

Writing 2
What I Can Do for the 2008 Beijing Olympics
Beijing won the bid for the 2008 Olympics in 2001, which is a great success both nationally and internationally. It proves that China is getting stronger and stronger and is playing a more important part in the world sports.
Every Chinese should go all out to surprise the world with the best Olympics. As a college student, I can contribute to it in the following ways. In the first place, since more foreigners will come to China before and during the Olympics, I plan to learn English even better to introduce to them the colorful Chinese cultures and long history. More exactly, I have to practice my spoken English more. In the second place, since Beijing Olympics will be "Green", I have made up my mind to plant 10 trees every year to make our country greener and more beautiful. It is common knowledge that environmental pollution and desertification are notorious in our country, repeated sandstorms being a good example. Therefore, much work remains to be done to reverse the vicious circle.
The Beijing Olympics will surely be an important issue in our life. While everyone is proud of the victory, there are still many obstacles in our race for excellence. However, with the joint efforts of all the Chinese, I believe that the Beijing Olympics will be the most successful one in the human history. (226 words, 39/133/54)

Writing 3
2002年：Cultures-National and International
1）describe the picture and interpret its meanings, and
2）give your comment on the phenomenon.

Model Composition 1
This is a very interesting picture of a lovely American girl dressed in traditional Chinese costume with a sweet smile on her face. She wears a pearl necklace, colorful ribbon, earrings, and other decorating things that are characteristic of the clothes of a Chinese minoritynationality. It is obvious that as a result of our open-door policy, more and more foreigners visit China and become interested in our national culture, which is making it go international.
There is no reason to make a fuss about this phenomenon. With the rapid development of technology and economy, the world is becoming smaller and smaller, and international cultural exchanges have become more and more frequent, which is inevitably improving our mutual understanding and friendship with other countries. When more and more Chinese go abroad to study or travel, an increasing number of foreigners come to our country to explore the mystery and charm of the Chinese culture. Therefore we can say that national culture is international.
As Chinese citizens, we should respect our own national culture and learn useful things from the cultures of different nations, which will enable us to make great progress in many ways. I believe a happy and bright future is awaiting us if we make every effort to promote cultural development both nationally and internationally. (217 words, 76/87/54)

Model Composition 2
Nowadays, "national culture or international culture" has become a matter of great concern for the general public in our society, especially for those who are confronted with this problem. Now let's take a look at the American girl in traditional Chinese costume. She looks very beautiful with a nice smile on her face. It seems that the girl is very fond of the Chinese costume.
Obviously, the picture indicates that a culture of one nation may become international, which is beneficial to all the human beings. To begin with, since China has opened its door widely to the outside world, many people from different countries want to visit China. They will accept and love the Chinese culture as a whole. In addition, Chinese culture should be well shared with foreign people who have shown their great interest in it. Meanwhile, the Chinese people are also exposed to foreign cultures when more foreign people come to China. In this way people from various nations in the world will be able to acquire a better understanding of each other and live peacefully in this world.
My opinion about this cultural phenomenon is that a national culture should become international. This is because the culture of any nation is a kind of precious heritage, and belongs to the whole mankind. (217 words, 65/118/34)

Writing 4
2001
Among all the worthy feelings of mankind, love is probably the noblest, but everyone has his/her understanding of it.
There has been a discussion recently on the issue in a newspaper. Write an essay to the newspaper to
1) show your understanding of the symbolic meaning of the picture below,
2) give a specific example, and
3) give your suggestion as to the best way to show love.

Model Composition 1
Among all the worthy feelings of mankind, love is probably the noblest. It is of the utmost importance to the human beings. Everybody not only needs love, but also should give love.
As is described in the picture, "love is a lamp which is brighter in darker places." This is indeed true. People in darker places need more light than ordinary people. Maybe even a dim light can give them much hope for a better life and progress. Maybe just a thread of light will call forth their strength and courage to step out of their difficulties.
Take my neighbor as an example. There are three members in their family and the two adults were laid off last year. The only child will have to drop out of school next semester. In order to help them, I donated all my money-300 yuan to pay the tuition. And I plan to call on others to donate more money. Though I cannot do a lot, I have given love which is like a lamp in a dark place where light is most needed.
So to sum up, we should offer our help to all who are in need. We expect to get love from others and we also give love to others. I believe that the relationship between people will be harmonious and our society will be a better place for us to live in. (234 words, 32/65/85/52)

Model Composition 2
It is generally believed that love is a hot topic which is most talked about. This is true not only in China but also in other countries. We live in different countries, speak different languages, but love is something common to us all. However, how to show love may be different with different people in different countries. This is something we should give more thought to.
As is shown in the picture, love is like a lamp which shines brightest in dark places. This tells us a simple truth: Love is most valuable when it is most needed. For example, once I saw a foreign lady get lost in the street. She could not speak Chinese and nobody seemed to be able to help her. Though my English is not very good and I am a shy person, I thought she needed help very much. I asked her what she wanted. She told me she lost her way, so I showed her the way to her hotel. It was a small thing but she thanked me sincerely because my help was badly needed. My help was like a lamp in a dark place.
I believe we all should be like a lamp in a dark place, showing our love, giving our help to others, even to strangers. In this way we can make this world a harmonious one. (228 words, 66/127/35)

Writing 5
Wake up Your Life by Walking (Jogging)

1) Describe the cartoon;
2) State the benefits of walking, and
3) Give the advantage(s) of walking over other forms of exercise.
As is illustrated in the cartoon, all the people, old and young, male and female, are walking or jogging for exercise. It's a plain fact that exercise increases the quality of life and these people are surely "on the road to health".
People benefit a lot from walking or jogging. To begin with, studies show that people who exercise habitually are less likely to suffer from heart attacks and enjoy better health. Another benefit is reduced stress. After walking you feel less anxious and think more clearly. Why this occurs isn't completely understood, but walking is, after all, an action that uses almost all of the body's bones and major muscles. And moderate exercise causes many changes that may affect your mood and increase your sense of well-being. What's more, walking can help you lose weight. If you walk briskly 45 minutes a day, four times a week for a year, you could lose 10 pounds.
However, for any exercise to increase long-term health benefits, it must be practicedconsistently over a lifetime. And this is where walking has distinct advantage over other activities. Walkers are rarely stopped by the injuries so common in other exercises. And walkers keep up their walking, year after year, simply because it's so pleasurable. (210 words, 42/114/54)

Writing 6
Population Census
There has been a growing concern among the general public over the population census in our country. According to a recent poll made by Beijing Youth Daily, about 80% of the residents have a good understanding of the census, and they are very cooperative with it. The same survey also shows that more and more people are concerned about the result of the census. It can be easily concluded, therefore, that the census has become an important issue in our life.
Its importance can be demonstrated in two ways as follows. For one thing, the census is directly related to the society in general. On one hand, our country has long carried out the policy of family planning, and regular census may help us get a better idea of our population growth. On the other hand, with the reform and opening-up, there has been a widespread mass migration movement. Therefore, it is necessary to know the trend so that the government may make better use of the labor force. For another, the census is also bound up with our personal life. It is the best way to measure our living standards.
As the issue plays such a key role in our society, sufficient attention should be paid from both the government and the public. The government should make sure that the census is well carried out and the people should be actively involved in the census. (236 words, 86/110/45)

Follow-up Exercises:
1. University Merging
2. Getting to Know the World Outside the Campus
3. Physical Exercise

Model 3: Graphs and tables
Writing 1
1999年
Your essay should cover these three points:
1) effect of the country's growing human population on its wildlife;
2) possible reason for the effect;
3) your suggestion for the wildlife protection.

From these graphs, we can draw a conclusion that with the growth of human population, the number of species has decreased rapidly in America, and some species have even vanished from our planet.
Why does this phenomenon appear? As I see it, there are several possible reasons for this. First of all, with the rapid growth of population, more and more people began to live where some wild species have been living. Then these species had to move to other places. Some of them probably couldn't adapt to the new environment and die. What's more, although many people looked on the wildlife as their friends, some people didn't think so. They caught a lot of wild animals and sold them in order to earn more money. Last but not least, with the development of the industry, the natural balance and the ecologic environment were destroyed. The deforestation has become more and more serious. So some of the wild lives became homeless and extinct.
In order to protect the wildlife, I have some suggestions. To begin with, the government should make laws to prevent them from being caught and killed. In addition, people have to be educated to love the nature and protect it. Finally, we should take practical actions to protect our living environment. (214 words, 33/130/51)

Writing 2
Directions:
The following table shows the consumption of an average worker in a city. Write a composition that conveys the information in the table:
The Average Worker Expense in City X
Food Clothing Fuel Housing Articles for daily use Culture & service Total income (yuan)
1988 62% 12% 6% 10% 8% 2% 560
1993 54% 12% 3% 14% 14% 3% 880
Model Composition
The Average Worker Expense in City X
Great changes have taken place in a worker's family from 1988 to 1993. The average worker income has increased from 560 yuan in 1988 to 880 yuan in 1993, more than 50 percent higher. Since there is a remarkable increase, the way in which the average worker spends his income has also changed accordingly.
Workers spend more money on food and housing, especially on articles for daily use, which shows that their material living standard is rising rapidly. Their spending on clothing remains the same from 1988 to 1993 and their expenditure on fuel in 1993 is only half that of 1988. They are not satisfied with the present condition any more. They long to live a more comfortable and better life. It is clear from the table that as incomes increase people can afford to live more comfortably and eat better.
However, the money they spent on entertainment is very small, only 2% to 3% of the total income, which shows workers in City X go to cinema or theater once or twice a year. This condition will be changed soon. Now more and more money will be invested on education, and as the income increases, the living standard will rise gradually. (203 words, 54/88/61)

Writing 3
1997年
Your essay should cover all the information provided and meet the requirements below:
1) Interpret the following pictures.
2) Predict the tendency of tobacco consumption and give your reasons.

Smokers make up about 20 percent of the world's population, according to the latest statistics: That means that some 1.1 billion people consume tobacco in its various forms-cigarettes, pipe tobacco, etc.
Doctors warn us that smoking is very harmful to the health. In fact, it is the leading cause of lung cancer, and about three million people die from smoking-related diseases every year. In addition, the tobacco habit is extremely wasteful of money, as the graph above shows that about 200 billion dollars is spent on tobacco every year.
However, the following figures indicate that the number of smokers is decreasing: The total value of tobacco production worldwide was 14.364 billion pounds in 1994, while this dropped to 14.2 billion pounds in 1995. At the same time, many countries have passed laws forbidding smoking in public places, and there is a global campaign to dissuade people from smoking. Therefore, I believe that tobacco consumption will definitely decrease in the years to come.

Writing 4
Directions:
The following table gives statistics showing the aspects of quality of life in five countries. Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information in the table below.
Country GNP per head (1982: US dollars) Daily calorie supply per head Life expectancy at birth (years) Infant mortality rates (per 1000 live births)
Bangladesh 140 1877 40 132
Bolivia 570 2086 50 124
Egypt 690 2950 56 97
Indonesia 580 2296 49 87
USA 13160 3652 74 12

The table uses four broad economic indicators to show the standard of living in five selected countries in 1982, including both the most developed nation in the world and some of the less developed nations.
As can be seen from the statistics, the USA-one of the richest countries in the world-had the highest GNP and daily calorie intake, the longest life expectancy and the lowest infant mortality rate. The other developing countries had a considerably lower quality of life. Egypt, Indonesia and Bolivia were similar in their range of indicators, with Egypt having the highest quality of life among the three. However, Egypt's infant mortality rate was slightly higher than Indonesia's, at 97 deaths per 1000 compared to 87 in Indonesia. Bangladesh had by far the lowest quality of life in all the four indicators. Its GNP was only about one-hundredth that of the USA. The figures in terms of the daily calorie supply per head and life expectancy at birth in Bangladesh are the half of those respectively in USA, and its infant mortality rate was 10 times greater.
In conclusion, it can be seen from the economic indicators that the four developing countries have to develop a lot more before reaching the same level of quality of life as the USA. At the same time, the USA has the responsibility to help the other countries to develop their economies and improve their people's living standard. (239 words, 35/147/57)

Useful Expressions and Structures:
介绍图表
The table/chart/diagram/graph/picture/cartoon shows (that)...
The figures/statistics show/describe/illustrate (that)...
As is shown/described/illustrated/indicated/revealed in the cartoon/picture/graph/chart/table, ...
As can be clearly seen from the cartoon...
What a vivid picture it is! It tells us that love is just like a lamp in the dark, bringing joy and warmth to the people around.
According to the table..., As can be seen from the table..., It can be seen from the table...
It is self-evident that..., It goes without saying that..., There is no denying the fact that...
统计数据的表达方法
increase/fall slightly/a little/sharply/dramatically/drastically from...to..., skyrocket/soar/rise/ decline/jump from...to...
remain steady at..., remain level, peak at..., reach the climax at..., reach the low at..., account for...
twice/three... times as many/much as..., one fifth/a quarter/a third/a half of...
数据变化的表达方法
The number/amount of...increased/jumped/rose/decreased/dropped/fell/ suddenly/rapidly/ dramatically/ sharply/ steadily/ gradually/ slowly/slightly from...to...
There was a sudden/rapid/dramatic/significant/sharp/steady/gradual/slow/slight increase/jump/rise/ decrease/drop/fall in the number/amount of...from...to...
开头和结尾的常用句型
The two graphs describe the same thing seen in two different ways. The first diagram simply records...The second graph throws a new light on...
The key findings taken from the surveys are as follows:...
This table provides several important points of comparison between A and B.

Follow-up Exercises:
1. Company Profits Before Tax of Australia in the Late 1980s (millions of dollars)
Period Manufacturing Mining Retail Trade Other
1986-87 4650 3840 612 1232
1987-88 6615 3816 886 1511
1988-89 8617 3540 1349 1696
1989-90 7810 4992 1373 397

2. The GDP Growth of Country X
Year 1980 1990 2000
GDP in billions of dollars 300 500 1,000
1) Describe the table;
2) Give reasons for the GDP growth of Country X;
3) State your opinions.
3. Energy Structures in the Rural Areas in China

1) Describe the energy problems in the countryside before 1979.
2) Discuss the major changes in energy consumption in 1995.
3) Your suggestion on the issue.

Model 4: Contrast and Comparison
Writing 1
Private Cars
Private cars have become an important aspect of people's life in many parts of our country, especially in large cities such as Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou. While they bring much convenience to people, they are also widely criticized.
There are some arguments for owning private cars. In the first place, cars allow people to move around freely, which greatly improves our living standard. We can easily drive cars for sightseeing on weekends. In the second place, cars are a comfortable way to travel, especially in bad weather. Last but not least, the car industry can boost economy by creating many job opportunities in production of steel, rubber, glass and so on.
However, there are also many good arguments against cars. First of all, they pollute the environment by emitting harmful gases and giving out loud noises. It is reported that many people in big cities suffer from sore throat because of the exhaust gases from cars. In addition, cars cause a large number of traffic accidents, which bring great misery to the victims' families.
As far as I am concerned, we should limit the number of private cars by providing better mass transportation and better service for the people. Everyone should sacrifice his or her own interest for the common good of the society. (214 words, 38/73/63/40)

Writing 2
Farmer Migration into the Cities
As regards the farmer migration into the cities, there has been a heated discussion among the general public in our society. A majority of people argue that this mass migration is beneficial to the development of both the countryside and the cities. Other people, however, maintain that there are more disadvantages arising from the movement.
People who believe in the beneficial side may have some arguments as follows. To begin with, farmers can earn more money by working in the cities. Most of them will send part of their income back home to help their families. What's more, these farmers will help develop the cities in many ways. According to a recent survey, most of the construction projects in big cities are actually done by farmers.
By contrast, some people argue that farmer migration may give rise to a series of negative effects. They worry that much land will be deserted in the country. In addition, it is also believed that rising crimes in cities are partly related to this migration.
Just as any coin has two sides, it's no exception with the issue of farmer migration. In my opinion we should try our best to make full use of its benefits while avoiding its shortcomings. (206 words, 55/71/45/35)

Writing 3
Studying in Colleges or Through the Internet?
When it comes to the choice between studying in traditional colleges and self-studying through the Internet, different people hold different views. Some argue that they can learn better in colleges, while others believe that there are more advantages to studying through the Internet.
In the eyes of the first group of people, studying in colleges is beneficial to their study for the following reasons. For one thing, they feel more at home in colleges, because to them, it's a more "natural" way of study. For another, they can communicate with the teachers and schoolmates easily, which will help them to develop their interpersonal skills.
In comparison, those who argue for self-study have their arguments as follows. On one hand, they can save a lot of time going to and from school. They may use this time to read more books and do more research. On the other hand, they can listen to the lectures of all the best teachers available on the Internet. Therefore, they have a wide range of choices of teachers and lessons.
As discussed above, it is obvious that each side has its distinctive features. I believe the best choice is to use the Internet as often as possible while staying on campus. (206 words, 43/61/71/31)

Writing 4
Brain Drain in China
1） 中国人才流失的现状；
2） 对人才流失的看法；
3） 如何解决人才流失。
Composition for reference
Nowadays, one of the most serious problems China is faced with is brain drain. While shortages of talent trouble many universities and state-owned enterprises, millions of talented people either emigrate to developed countries or work for foreign companies. At the same time, a big crowd of well-educated people who are determined to follow their footsteps take TOEFL or GRE as their passport to the West.
However, people see this phenomenon in different perspectives. Some hold the opinion that China suffers a lot from brain drain. They argue, on the one hand, that brain drain considerably weakens our international competitiveness. On the other hand, they believe that the talent should serve their native country first.
In contrast, others highlight the advantages of international exchange and cooperation. They claim that Chinese youths should go abroad to study and gain more experience. What's more, the long-term benefits will outweigh losses we suffer now.
Brain drain poses a challenge. China should go all out to attract talented people in order to better compete in the world. For one thing, decent living and working conditions should be offered to specialists. For another, we have to better develop our economy, which is a sure bait for all kinds of talent. (204 words, 65/39/46/54)

Useful Expressions and Structures:
1. 表达比较
1) The same is true of..., The same can be said of...
2) Just as..., so...
3) As is to B what/as C is to D
Book is to the mind what/as food is to the body.
4) A and B have something in common
5) A is similar to B in that...
6) Like...
7) Compared with A, B...
2. 表达对比
1) Unlike...
2) A differs from B in that...
3) A is just the opposite to B
3．表达权衡
1) A is superior to B because/in that.../in the following aspects.
2) The advantages of... outweigh the disadvantages
3) ...varies from person to person
4) Nothing can rival...
Nothing can rival the pleasure from talking to a good friend.
5) A benefits people in the following ways while B brings a lot of harm.
6) be of great benefit to..., do a lot of good to..., be good for..., do damage to..., do harm to...
7) not so much...as...
The reason for the rapid increase in population is not so much a rise in birth rate as a fall in death rate.

Follow-up Exercises:
1. Health or Wealth?
2. My View on Job-hopping
3. Reading Selectively or Extensively?
4. Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary?
5. On Internet in Our Life

Model 5: Proverb
Practice Makes Perfect
As is known to all, practice makes perfect. This is an accumulated experience we inherit from our forefathers, and now it is still widely applied to our daily life. It proves that the more we practice, the more likely we are going to do things perfectly.
A good case in point is the study of English. Take my neighbor, Xiao Wang, as an example. He seldom spends time in learning English. Whenever he has time, he will play games or read Chinese novels. As a result, his English is very poor and he begins to hate English now. On the contrary, I'm very interested in learning English and I spend more than five hours each day on English. I often go to the school library to read English magazines, such as Newsweek, Time, Reader's Digest and so on. What's more, I grasp every opportunity to talk to native English speakers: in oral English classes as well as in the scenic spots such as the Palace Museum and the Great Wall. So the natural consequence is that I have a good mastery of the language and my interest in it has grown more intense.
A lesson that we can draw from the above examples is obvious. Practice is crucial to our success not only in study, but also in our future work. All in all, practice will make a difference between success and failure. (233 words, 46/147/40)

Follow-up Exercises:
1. When in Rome, Do as the Romans Do
2. Haste Makes Waste
3. It Pays to be Honest

附：检查作文
1． 字数。
2． 是否准确完整地按要求写作。
3． 拼写。
4． 语法：主谓一致，时态一致，语态一致，指代一致，非谓语动词用法，形容词与副词的比较级和最高级等。避免语法错误，尤其是重大语法错误。
5．改正本文中的错误
Traffic has became an socially problem in big cities. Of course, have a car is a good think, but every people own a car, the streets will became too crowded. Traffic Jams occurred on the rush hours and accidents happened more often.
One way to solving this problem is develop group transportion system. Such as, we should buy more bus and built more roads. And underground trains is also a good solution.
Another way is to reduce the big city's population.
Our country population control is the wise and necessary police. If big city people reduce, traffic will less crowded.
6．常见错误类型分析
1． 词汇用法错误
1） 冠词
（1）For an example, if I were you, I would have attended the party.
（2）On the earth, plants and animals get their energy from light and heat of the sun.
（3）There are many talented students in their class, but most promising one is John.
（4）By year 2050, there will be about 1.6 billion people in China.
（5）Neither types of reasoning seems to give students correct understanding of the subject.
2） 介词
(1) At the middle of the century...
(2) Tourists are posing with pictures, or pointing toward the peak.
(3) It was considered as a matter of course to obey the rule.
(4) Computers are relied by manufacturers for similar reasons.
(5) Blacks used the word as though they had coined it on themselves.
3） 固定搭配
(1) She left to Beijing on the first day of her vacation.
(2) This common form of sugar is derived of two plants: the sugar cane and sugar beet.
(3) In September of 1620, the Mayflower left port with 102 people on the board.
(4) Take it as granted that children will like any kind of food offered to them.