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怎样快速提高智商？

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Many people think of IQ as a genetic trait, like brown eyes or short legs: You're born with it and you're stuck with it. Now, a growing body of research is showing that a person's IQ can rise -- and even fall -- over the years.


许多人认为智商(IQ)是一种遗传特征，就像棕色的眼睛和短腿一样，与生俱来，终身不变。但现在有越来越多的研究显示，人一生中智商是可以上升甚至下降的。



Scores can change gradually or quickly, after as little as a few weeks of cognitive training, research shows. The increases are usually so incremental that they're not immediately perceptible to individuals, and the intelligence-boosting effects of cognitive training can fade after a few months.


研究显示，只需要几周的认知训练，智商测试得分就可能逐渐上升，也可能快速上升。智商的提高一般非常缓慢，不是立即就能看出来，而认知训练对测试得分的提升效果会在几个月后减弱。



In the latest study, 33 British students were given IQ tests and brain scans at ages 12 to 16 and again about four years later by researchers at the Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging at University College London; 9% of the students showed a significant change of 15 points or more in IQ scores.


在最近的一项研究中，伦敦大学学院(University College London)惠康基金会神经影像中心(Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging)的研究人员对33名12至16岁的英国学生进行了智商测试和脑部扫描，并在约四年后再次进行智商测试和脑部扫描。其中有9%的学生智商测试得分出现至少15点的显著变化。



On a scale where 90 to 110 is considered average, one student's IQ rose 21 points to 128 from 107, lifting the student from the 68th percentile to the 97th compared with others the same age, says Cathy Price, professor of cognitive neuroscience at the center and co-author of the study, published last month in Nature. Another student's score skidded out of the 'high average' category, to 96 from 114.


此项研究相关论文10月份发表在《自然》杂志(Nature)上。论文共同作者、该中心认知神经科学教授卡西•普赖斯(Cathy Price)说，90到110被视为平均智商，一个学生的智商增加了21点，从107升至128，在同龄人中的排名从第68百分位数上升到第97百分位数。另有一个学生的智商从114的"平均高值"下降到96。



Swings in individual IQ scores are often written off as the product of measurement error or a test subject having a bad day. But MRIs in this study showed changes in gray matter in areas corresponding to fluctuations in the kids' skills, Dr. Price says. Although the sample size is small, the study drew wide attention because it is among the first to show how changes in IQ scores may be reflected in actual shifts in brain structure.


个体智商值的波动通常被简单地归因于测量误差或者测试主体发挥不佳。但普赖斯博士说，这项研究中使用的核磁共振成像(MRI)显示，这些孩子的智力出现波动，其大脑相应区域的灰质也发生了改变。尽管这项研究的样本规模较小，但引起了广泛关注，因为这是最先揭示智商值的变化或与脑部结构实际改变相关的研究之一。



'There are many myths about IQ, such as the notion that IQ is a fixed number or that it is a crystal ball for future performance,' says Eric Rossen, director of professional development and standards for the National Association of School Psychologists in Bethesda, Md.


马里兰州贝塞斯达(Bethesda)的美国学校心理学家协会(National Association of School Psychologists)专业发展和标准主管埃里克•罗森(Eric Rossen)说，"有很多关于智商的误区，比如有人认为智商是一成不变的，或者以为智商是预测未来表现的水晶球。"



The first reliable tests of intelligence in the U.S. were published in the early 1900s, says Alan S. Kaufman, clinical professor of psychology at Yale University and co-author of several IQ tests. Scores compare people to others of the same age based on a wide range of cognitive questions and tasks, from processing information and analyzing patterns, to solving age-appropriate math problems and recalling facts or vocabulary. A score in the 90 to 110 range is considered average. A 'genius' may score 140 and above, he says.


耶鲁大学(Yale University)临床心理学教授、几项智商测试研究报告的共同作者阿兰•S.考夫曼(Alan S. Kaufman)说，美国最早一批可靠的智力测试是二十世纪初问世的。智力测试由一系列广泛的认知问题和任务构成，包括信息处理、模式分析、解决适合受试者年龄的数学题以及记忆事实或词汇等，根据这些测试的得分，将受试者与其他同龄人进行比较。得分在90到110之间被视为平均水平。他说，"天才"的得分可能在140以上。



IQ tests have been a target of ongoing criticism. Their use led to the misclassification of many children as 'intellectually disabled' in the 1970s and 1980s. Similar cognitive tests used by employers to screen recruits have been attacked as discriminatory against African-American and Hispanic job candidates.


智商测试一直备受争议。二十世纪七、八十年代，智商测试的使用导致许多孩子被错误地归入"智障"之列。雇主用来筛选求职者的类似认知测试也被指责为歧视非洲裔美国人和拉美裔美国人。



Today in schools, individual IQ-type tests are limitedmainly to helping plan instruction for some children with specificlearning disabilities and helping identify students for gifted programs. Kathleen Lundquist, president of APTMetrics, a Darien, Conn., human-resources consulting firm, says cognitive tests in the workplace today are most often used as a screening tool for entry-level blue-collar, managerial and professional jobs.


在当今的学校里，个体智商类测试的主要用途是针对一些有特定学习障碍的学生制定教学计划以及挑选学生参加资优项目。位于康涅狄格州达里恩(Darien)的人力资源咨询公司APTMetrics总裁凯瑟琳•伦德奎斯特(Kathleen Lundquist)说，在如今的职场，认知能力测试大多作为筛选蓝领、管理类和专业类初级岗位求职者的工具。



There are practical steps people can take to see longer-term IQ changes. A 30-year study at the National Institute of Mental Health found that people whose work involves complex relationships, setting up elaborate systems or dealing with people or difficult problems, tend to perform better over time on cognitive tests. Test scores of people whose jobs are simple and require little thought actually tend to decline, according to the research, published in 1999 in Psychology and Aging.


有一些实用的方法能够帮助人们在中长期内改变智商。美国国家心理卫生研究所(National Institute of Mental Health)展开的一项长达30年的研究发现，工作中包含复杂关系、需要建立复杂系统、处理人际关系或解决难题的人在认知能力测试中的表现往往会逐渐提升。工作简单、基本不用动脑的人的测试得分往往会下降。该研究论文1999年刊登在《心理学与衰老》杂志( Psychology and Aging)上。



New tasks stimulate the brain most. When researchers at the University of Hamburg subjected 20 young adults to one month of intense training in juggling, they found an increase in the corresponding gray matter in the brain as early as seven days after the training began. The added gray matter receded when the training was stopped, although the participants were still able to juggle, says the study, published in 2008 in PLoS One.


新任务对大脑的刺激最强。汉堡大学(University of Hamburg)的研究人员对20名青年人进行了为期一个月的杂耍强化训练，他们发现对应区域的大脑灰质最早在训练开始七天后出现增加。研究显示，当训练停止后，灰质又减少了，不过参加者仍然能做杂耍。该研究2008年发表在PLoS One期刊上。



IQ tests don't measure such abilities as creativity, common sense or social sensitivity. They do assess many kinds of knowledge and abilities, including abstractreasoning skills. Rising scores in abstractreasoning are the main reason average IQ scores have been increasing by about three points every decade since the 1930s, based on studies by James Flynn, a professor emeritus of political studies at the University of Otago in New Zealand. That may be partly because children spend nearly twice as many years in school, on average, than children decades ago, says Wendy M. Williams, a professor in the department of human development at Cornell University.


智商测试不衡量创造力、常识或社会敏感性。不过它们确实会考察许多种知识和能力，包括抽象推理能力。新西兰奥塔戈大学(University of Otago)政治学荣誉退休教授詹姆斯•弗林(James Flynn)的研究显示，抽象推理得分上升是二十世纪三十年代以来智商平均分每十年提高三点左右的主要原因。康奈尔大学(Cornell University)人类发展系教授温迪•M.威廉姆斯(Wendy M. Williams)说，这在一定程度上可能是因为，现在的孩子平均的上学时间差不多是几十年前的两倍。



Schooling in general raises IQ by several points a year, based on research by Stephen Ceci, a professor of developmental psychology at Cornell, and others. 'If you look at an IQ test, it asks things like, 'Who wrote Hamlet?' or 'Why do we pay for postage?' You are most likely to come across the answers in school,' Dr. Ceci says. Even nonverbal abilities such as solving puzzles and spatial tasks may blossom because math classes today include visual reasoning with matrices, mazes, blocks or designs, he adds.


康奈尔大学发展心理学教授斯蒂芬•切奇(Stephen Ceci)及其他学者的研究显示，总体来说学校教育能使智商一年增加几个点。切奇博士说，"智商测试会问'《哈姆雷特》(Hamlet)的作者是谁？'或'我们为什么要付邮资？'这样的问题，这些问题的答案你多半会在学校里了解到。"他还说，就连解谜和解决空间问题等非语言能力可能也有所提高，因为今天的数学课堂引入了矩阵、迷宫、积木、设计等视觉推理训练。



Intense training can raise scores. Using a method called 'n-back,' researchers at the University of Michigan had young adults practice recalling letter sequences by flashing a series of letters on a screen and asking them to press a key whenever they saw the same letter that appeared 'n' times earlier, such as one or two times.


强化训练可以使分数增加。密歇根大学(University of Michigan)的研究人员采用了一种叫"n-back"的方法训练青年人记忆字母顺序。他们将一串字母打在屏幕上，并要求受试者在看到"n"次（比如一次或者两次）之前出现过的相同字母时按下按键。



Training for about 25 minutes a day for eight to 19 days was linked to higher scores on tests of fluid intelligence, with gains increasing with the duration of the training, says Susanne Jaeggi, co-author of the study, published in 2008 in Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences.


该研究论文的共同作者苏珊•耶吉(Susanne Jaeggi)说，每天25分钟左右，持续8至19天的训练与流体智力得分上升之间存在因果关系，训练时间越长，分数提高越多。这篇论文2008年发表在《美国国家科学院院刊》(Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences)上。



The gains tend to fade after practice stops, based on studies of children, Dr. Jaeggi says. 'You need some booster sessions' to maintain improvements, she says. Other research has found training people to switchmental tasks quickly also can lift scores.


耶吉博士说，针对儿童的研究显示，训练停止后分数往往会回落。她说，"你需要做一些补强训练来进行巩固。其他研究发现，训练人在不同思维任务之间进行迅速切换也能提高得分。



Music lessons are linked to higher IQ throughout life, according to research by E. Glenn Schellenberg, a psychology professor at the University of Toronto at Mississauga. Six years' lessons lifted children's IQ scores an average 7.5 points; those gains eroded to two points by college age, says a study published in 2006 in the Journal of Educational Psychology.


多伦多大学密西沙加分校(University of Toronto at Mississauga)心理学教授E.格伦•舍伦贝格(E. Glenn Schellenberg)的研究显示，音乐训练对智商的促进是贯穿终身的。《教育心理学期刊》(Journal of Educational Psychology)2006年发表的一项研究称，六年的音乐课程可以使儿童智商得分平均提高7.5点；到了上大学的年龄，得分增幅会减为两点。



In a study this year, researchers at the University of Kansas found practicing musicians who are active for a decade or more continue to post higher IQs beyond age 60.


在今年的一项研究中，堪萨斯大学(University of Kansas)的研究人员发现，有十年以上乐器演奏史的人在60岁之后智商得分仍然较高。



Sue Shellenbarger


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