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Court Life in China-Part34_Issac Taylor Headland(1859-1942)_English Literature(文学名著)-第2页

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works on science, arts and literature, and textbooks for use in



schools and colleges"; and on the 19th he abolished the "Palace

examinations for Hanlins as useless, superficial and obsolete,"



thus severing the last cord that bound them to the old regime.

What, now, was the Empress Dowager doing while Kuang Hsu was



issuing all these reform edicts, which, we are told, were so

contrary to all her reactionary principles? Why did she not



stretch forth her hand and prevent them? She was spending the hot

months at the Summer Palace, fifteen miles away, without offering



either advice, objection or hindrance, and it was not until two

delegations of officials and princes had appeared before her and



plead with her to come and take control of affairs and thus save

them from being ousted or beheaded, and herself from



imprisonment, did she consent to come. By thus taking the throne

she virtually placed herself in the hands of the conservative



party, and all his reform measures, except that of the Peking

University and provincial schools, were, for the time,



countermanded, and the Boxers were allowed to test their strength

with the allied Powers.



Passing over the two bad years of the Empress Dowager, which we

have treated in another chapter, we find her again, after the



failure of the Boxer uprising, and the return of the court to

Peking, reissuing the same style of edicts that had gone out from



the pen of Kuang Hsu. On August 29, 1901, she ordered "the

abolition of essays on the Chinese classics in examinations for



literary degrees, and substituted therefor essays and articles on

some phase of modern affairs, Western laws or political economy.



This same procedure is to be followed in examination of

candidates for office."



And now notice another phase of this same edict. "The old methods

of gaining military degrees by trial of strength with stone



weights, agility with the sword, or marksmanship with the bow on

foot or on horseback, ARE OF NO USE TO MEN IN THE ARMY, WHERE



STRATEGY AND MILITARY SCIENCE ARE THE SINE QUA NON TO OFFICE, and

hence they should be done away with forever." It is, as it was



with Kuang Hsu, the strengthening of the army she has in mind in

her first efforts at reform, that she may be able to back up with



war-ships and cannon, if necessary, her refusal to allow Italy or

any other European power to filch, without reason or excuse, the



territory of her ancestors.

September 12, 1901, she issued another edict commanding that "all



the colleges in the empire should be turned into schools of

Western learning; each provincial capital should have a



university like that in Peking, whilst all the schools in the

prefectures and districts are to be schools or colleges of the



second or third class," neither more nor less than a restatement

of the edict of July 10, 1898, as issued by the deposed Emperor,



except that she confined it to the schools without taking the

temples.



September 17, 1901, she ordered "the viceroys and governors of

other provinces to follow the example of Liu Kun-yi of Liang



Kiang, Chang Chih-tung of Hukuang, and Kuei Chun (Manchu) of

Szechuan, in sending young men of scholastic promise abroad to



study any branch of Western science or art best suited to their

tastes, that in time they may return to China and place the



fruits of their knowledge at the service of the empire." Such

were some of the edicts issued by the Emperor and the Empress



Dowager in their efforts to launch this new system of education

which was to transform the old China into a strong and sturdy



youth. What now were the results?

The Imperial College in Shansi was opened with 300 students all



of whom had already taken the Chinese degree of Bachelor of Arts.

It had both Chinese and foreign departments, and after the



students had completed the first, they were allowed to pass on to

the second, which had six foreign professors who held diplomas



from Western colleges or universities, and a staff of six

translators of university textbooks into Chinese, superintended



by a foreigner. In 1901-2 ten provinces, under the wise

leadership of the Empress Dowager, opened colleges for the



support of which they raised not less than $400,000.

The following are some of the questions given at the triennial



examinations of these two years in six southern provinces:

1. "As Chinese and Western laws differ, and Western people will



not submit to Chinese punishments, what ought to be done that




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