人之初　性本善　性相近　习相远

men at their birth,

are naturally good.

their natures are much the same;

their habits become widely different.

苟不教　性乃迁　教之道　贵以专

if follishly there is no teaching,

the nature will deteriorate.

the right way in teaching,

is to attach the utmost importance

in thoroughness.

昔孟母　择邻处　子不学　断机杼

of old, the mother of mencius

chose a neighbourhood

and when her child would not learn,

she broke the shuttle from the loom.

窦燕山　有义方　教五子　名俱扬

tou of the swallow hills

had the right method

he taugh five son,

each of whom raised the family reputation.

养不教　父之过　教不严　师之惰

to feed without teaching,

is the father's fault.

to teach without severity,

is the teacher's laziness.

子不学　非所宜　幼不学　老何为

if the child does not learn,

this is not as it should be.

if he does not learn while young,

what will he be when old ?

玉不琢　不成器　人不学　不知义

if jade is not polished,

it cannot become a thing of use.

if a man does not learn,

he cannot know his duty towards his neighbour.

为人子　方少时　亲师友　习礼仪

he who is the son of a man,

when he is young,

should attach himself to his teachers and friends;

and practise ceremonial usages.

香九龄　能温席　孝於亲　所当执

hsiang, at nine years of age,

could warm his parent's bed.

filial piety towards parents,

is that to which we should hold fast.

融四岁　能让梨　弟於长　宜先知

jung, at four years of age,

could yield the (bigger) pears.

to hehave as a younger brother towards elders,

is one of the first things to know.

首孝弟　次见闻　知某数　识某文

begin with filial piety and fraternal love,

and then see and hear .

learn to count,

and learn to read.

一而十　十而百　百而千　千而万

units and tens,

then tens and hundreds,

hundreds and thousands,

thousands and then tens of thousands.

三才者　天地人　三光者　日月星

the three forces,

are heaven, earth and man.

the three luminaries,

are the sun,the moon and the stars.

三纲者　君臣义　父子亲　夫妇顺

the three bonds,

are the obligation between soverign and subject,

the love between father and child,

the harmony between husband and wife.

曰春夏　曰秋冬　此四时　运不穷

we speak of spring and summer,

we speak of autumn and winter,

these four seasons,

revolve without ceasing.

曰南北　曰西东　此四方　应乎中

we speak of north and south,

we speak of east and west,

these four points,

respond to the requirements of the centre.

曰火水　木金土　此五行　本乎数

we speak of water, fire,

wood,metal and earth.

these five elements,

have their origin in number.

曰仁义　礼智信　此五常　不容紊

we speak of charity, of duty towards one neighbour,

of propriety, of wisdom, and of truth.

these five virtues,

admit of no compromise.

稻粱菽　麦黍稷　此六谷　人所食

rice , spike, millet, pulse

wheat, glutinous millet and common millet,

these six grains,

are those which men eat.

马牛羊　鸡犬豕　此六畜　人所饲

the horse, the ox, the sheep,

the fowl, the dog, the pig.

these six animals,

are those which men keep.

曰喜怒　曰哀惧　爱恶欲　七情具

we speak of joy, of anger



we speak of pity, of fear,

of love , of hate and of desire.

these are the seven passions.

匏土革　木石金 与丝竹　乃八音

the gound, earthenware,skin

wood, stone metal,

silk and bamboo,

yield the eight musical sounds.

高曾祖　父而身　身而子　子而孙

great great grandfather,great grandfather, grandfather,

father and self,

self and son,

son and grandson,

自子孙　至玄曾　乃九族　人之伦

from son and grandson,

on to great grandson and great great grandson.

these are the nine agnates,

constituting the kinships of man.

父子恩　夫妇从　兄则友　弟则恭

affection between father and child,

harmony between husband and wife,

friendliness on the part of elder brothers,

respectfulness on the part of younger brothers,

长幼序　友与朋　君则敬　臣则忠

procedence(??) between elders and youngers, (probably : precedence )

as between friend and friend.

respect on the part of the sovereign,

loyalty on the part of the subject.

此十义　人所同

these ten obligations,

are common to all men.

凡训蒙　须讲究　详训诂　名句读

in the education of the young,

there should be explanation and eluciation,

careful teaching of the interpretations of commentators,

and due attention to paragraphs and sentences.

为学者　必有初　小学终　至四书

those who are learners,

must have a beginning.

the 'little learning' finished,

they proceed to the four books.

论语者　二十篇　群弟子　记善言

there is the lun yu (discourse or analects),

in twenty sections.

in this, the various disciples,

have recorded the wise sayings of confucious.

孟子者　七篇止　讲道德　说仁义

the works of mencius,

have comprised in seven section.

these explain the way and exemplifications thereof,

and expound clarity and duty towards one's neighbour.

作中庸　子思笔　中不偏　庸不易

the chung yung (the doctrine of the mean),

by the pen of tzu-su;

chung (the middle) being that which odes not lean toward! s any side,

yung( the course) being that which cannot be changed.

作大学　乃曾子　自修齐　至平治

he who wrote the 'great learning'

was the philosopher tseng.

beginning with cultivation of the individual and ordering of the family,

it goes on to government of one's own state and ordering of the family.

孝经通　四书熟　如六经　始可读

when the 'classic of filial piety' is mastered,

and the 'four books' are known by heart.

the next step is to the 'six classics',

which may now be studied.

诗书易　礼春秋　号六经　当讲求

the books of poetry, of history and of changes.

the 'rites of chou dynasty, the book of tites, and the 'spring and autum

annals'

are the six classics

which should be carefully explained and analysed.

有连山　有归藏　有周易　三易详

there is the lien shan system,

there is the kuei tsang

and there is the system of changes of the chou dynasty,

such are the 3 systems wh! ich elucidate the changes.

有典谟　有训诰　有誓命　书之奥

there are the regulations and the counsels,

the instruction, the annoucements,

the oaths, the charges,

these are the profundities of the book of history.

我周公　作周礼　著六官　存治



our duke of chou,

drew up the ritual of the chou dynasty,

in which he set forth the duties of the six classes of officials;

and thus gave a settled form to the government.

大小戴　注礼记　述圣言　礼乐备

the elder and the younger tai,

wrote commentaries on the book of rites.

they publish the holy words,

and ceremonies and music were set in order.

曰国风　曰雅颂　号四诗　当讽咏

we speak of the kuo feng,

we speak of the ya and the sung.

these are the four sections of the book of poetry,

which should be hummed over and over.

诗既亡　春秋作　寓褒贬　别善恶

when odes ceased to be made,

the spring and autumn annals were produced.

th! ese annals contain praise and blame,

and distinguish the good from the bad.

三传者　有公羊　有左氏　有彀梁

the three commentaries upon the above,

include that of kung-yang,

th at of tso

and that of ku-liang
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