《War And Peace》　Book14 　CHAPTER XVIII
　　　　by Leo Tolstoy

ONE MIGHT have supposed that the historians, who ascribe the actions of the
masses to the will of one man, would have found it impossible to explain the
retreat of the French on their theory, considering that they did everything
possible during this period of the campaign to bring about their own ruin, and
that not a single movement of that rabble of men, from their turning into the
Kaluga road up to the flight of the commander from his army, showed the
slightest trace of design.

But no! Mountains of volumes have been written by historians upon this
campaign, and in all of them we find accounts of Napoleon's masterly
arrangements and deeply considered plans; of the strategy with which the
soldiers were led, and the military genius showed by the marshals.

The retreat from Maley Yaroslavets, when nothing hindered Napoleon from
passing through a country abundantly furnished with supplies, and the parallel
road was open to him, along which Kutuzov afterwards pursued him-this wholly
unnecessary return by a road through devastated country is explained to us as
due to various sagacious considerations. Similar reasons are given us for
Napoleon's retreat from Smolensk to Orsha. Then we have a description of his
heroism at Krasnoe, when he is reported to have prepared to give battle, and to
take the command, and coming forward with a birch stick in his hand, to have
said:

"Long enough I have been an emperor, it is time now to be a general!"

Yet in spite of this, he runs away immediately afterwards, abandoning the
divided army in the rear to the hazards of destiny.

Then we have descriptions of the greatness of some of the marshals,
especially of Ney-a greatness of soul that culminated in his taking a circuitous
route by the forests across the Dnieper, and fleeing without his flags, his
artillery, and nine-tenths of his men into Orsha.

And lastly, the final departure of the great Emperor from his heroic army is
represented by the historians as something great-a stroke of genius.

Even that final act of running away-which in homely language would be
described as the lowest depth of baseness, such as every child is taught to feel
ashamed of-even that act finds justification in the language of the
historians.

When it is impossible to stretch the elastic thread of historical argument
further, when an action is plainly opposed to what all humanity is agreed in
calling right and justice, the historians take refuge in the conception of
greatness. Greatness would appear to exclude all possibility of applying
standards of right and wrong. For the great man-nothing is wrong. There is no
atrocity which could be made a ground for blaming a great man.

"C'est grand!" cry the historians; and at that word good and bad have
ceased to be, and there are only "grand" and not "grand." "Grand"
is equivalent to good, and not "grand" to bad. To be grand is to
their notions the characteristic of certain exceptional creatures, called by
them heroes. And Napoleon, wrapping himself in his warm fur cloak and hurrying
home away from men, who were not only his comrades, but (in his belief) brought
there by his doing, feels que c'est grand; and his soul is content.

"Du sublime au ridicule il n'y a qu'un pas," he says (he sees
something grand in himself). And the whole world has gone on for fifty years
repeating: Sublime! Grand! Napoleon the Great.

"Du sublime au ridicule il n'y a qu'un pas."

And it never enters any one's head that to admit a greatness, immeasurable by
the rule of right and wrong, is but to accept one's own nothingness and
immeasurable littleness.

For us, with the rule of right and wrong given us by Christ, there is nothing
for which we have no standard. And there is no greatness where there is not
simplicity, goodness, and truth.