虚 拟 语 气
一．条件句中的虚拟语气
条件句分真实条件句和虚拟条件句. 虚拟条件句一般表示与事实相反的 假设,或对不大可能发生的事情的假设. 虚拟的形式主要反映在条件句中谓语动词的时态上.
If条件句中
1. if 引导的条件句中，如果所说的与事实相反，则要用虚拟语气。其具体的规则如下：
主句
从句
与现在事实相反
Would/should/could+动词原形
一般过去时
与过去事实相反
Would/should/could have done
过去完成时
与将来事实相反
would/should/could/might/动词原型
动词的过去式should +动词原型 were to +动词原型
1) If I were you, I would not accept his offer.
如果我是你，就不会接受它的建议。
2) If it should rain tomorrow, the race would be put off.
如果明天下雨，比赛将会推迟。
3) If you had been more carefully, you would have passed.
4) If it were not for the learning tower, the city of Pisa wouldn’t be so famous.
如果没有斜塔的话，比萨称也不会这么有名。
2．混合时态虚拟语气
很多情况下，从句和主句并不于同一时间的事实相反，这时需仔细判断其所述情景，运用适当的语气和时态。
1) If you had followed my advice, your English would be much better.
如果你当时听了我的话，现在你的英语就会好得多了。（从句与过去事实想相反，主句与现在事实相反）
2) If he weren’t a kind-hearted man, he wouldn’t have helped such a man as you that day.
（从句是与一般特性相反的假设，主句表示与过去事实相反的结局。）
3) If it hadn’t been for you, I would have to make another trip there tomorrow.
如不是你的话，我明天还要再走一趟。(从句与过去事实相反，主句与将来事实相反。)
4)If I were you，I wouldn't have missed the film last night．如果我是你，我就不会错过昨天晚上的那部电影。（从句与现在事实相反，主句与过去事实相反。）
5)If he had followed the doctor's advice，he would recover already．如果他遵照医生的劝告，现在病就好了。（从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反。）
3．在if虚拟条件句中，有时可把连词省去，采用倒装语序把谓语动词were或助动词had，should移到句首构成非真实条件从句的另一种句型，其意思不变。例如：
1)Had we time to spare，we would be glad to go to the park．如果能抽出时间，我们很乐意逛公园。
2)Were it not for the discovery of electricity，the modern world would experience great inconvenience．假如没有发现电，现代世界将很不方便。
3) Should I get a rise, I would treat you to whisky.如果我能长工资，就请你喝威士忌。
4．有时假设的情况不用if引导虚拟条件从句来表述，而用介词（如without， but for等）引出的短语、分词（如supposing等）引出的短语、并列连词（如or，otherwise，but，though等）、由动词suppose引出的祈使句或通过上下文的意思来表达。此时句中谓语动词仍采用虚拟语气的相应形式。例如：
1)But for your advice，I would not be able to do this work．要不是你的劝告，我是不会做这份工作的。
2)Victor obviously doesn't know what's happened，otherwise he wouldn't have made such a stupid remark．显然维克多不知道发生了什么事情。不然的话，他就不会说这样愚蠢的话了。
二．Wish 后的宾语从句的虚拟语气
1. 从句用过去式或过去进行式(时间上是同时的)。其句子结构为：宾语从句的谓语be和were(was)，实义动词用过去式。例：
1). I wish (that可省略, 下同) I knew the answer to the question.(wish, 动词过去式knew)我希望知道这个答案。(事实上是不知道)
2). I wish it were spring in my hometown all the year around. (wish, were)但愿我的家乡四季如春。(事实上不可能)
3). I wish I were a bird. (wish, were)但愿我是只小鸟。(事实上不可能)
4). When she was at the party, she wished she were at home. (wished,过去虚拟动词were)(事实上并不在家)
5). Now that he is in China, he wishes he understood Chinese. (wishes,过去虚拟动词understood) 现在他在中国，他希望能懂得中文。(事实上并不懂)
6). When we begin the trip, they will wish they were with us. (will wish,过去虚拟动词were)(事实上并不和我们在一起)
2. 对过去情况的虚拟（和过去的事实相反）：
用wish表示对过去事情的遗憾。其句子结构为：宾语从句的谓语用过去完成时，或would, could, might+现在完成时。例：
1). I wish (that可省略，下同) I hadn't wasted so much time.我后悔不该浪费这么多时间。(事实上已浪费了)
2). He wishes he hadn't lost the chance. 他真希望没有失去机会。(其实已失去)
3). We wished he had spoken to us. (wished，had + spoken)(事实上他并没同我们讲)
4). I wish you had called earlier. (wish, had + called)(事实上已迟了)
5). They will wish they had listened to us sooner. (will wish, had + listened)(事实上并不如此)
例题分析：I wish I ______ longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class.
A. could have slept B. slept C. might have slept D. have slept
本题后半句谓语动词have用的是过去时had to get up and come, 所以前面要用过去完成时表示过去发生的动作。所以, 选项A)could have left是答案
3. 对将来情况的虚拟(表示将来的主观愿望)：
从句动词"would/should/could/might + 动词原形"(时间上较后)(请注意：主句和从句的主语不相同)。用wish表示对将来事情的愿望。例：
1). I wish it would stop raining. (虚拟动词would+动词原形stop)我希望雨能停止。(事实上雨还在下着呢)
2). I wish you would be quiet. (would + be)我希望你安静一些。(事实上那家伙还在吵着呢)
3). you wished she would arrive the next day. (would + arrive)你希望她第二天会到。(事实上她还没到)
4). I w
生词表:
一．条件句中的虚拟语气
条件句分真实条件句和虚拟条件句. 虚拟条件句一般表示与事实相反的 假设,或对不大可能发生的事情的假设. 虚拟的形式主要反映在条件句中谓语动词的时态上.
If条件句中
1. if 引导的条件句中，如果所说的与事实相反，则要用虚拟语气。其具体的规则如下：
主句
从句
与现在事实相反
Would/should/could+动词原形
一般过去时
与过去事实相反
Would/should/could have done
过去完成时
与将来事实相反
would/should/could/might/动词原型
动词的过去式should +动词原型 were to +动词原型
1) If I were you, I would not accept his offer.
如果我是你，就不会接受它的建议。
2) If it should rain tomorrow, the race would be put off.
如果明天下雨，比赛将会推迟。
3) If you had been more carefully, you would have passed.
4) If it were not for the learning tower, the city of Pisa wouldn’t be so famous.
如果没有斜塔的话，比萨称也不会这么有名。
2．混合时态虚拟语气
很多情况下，从句和主句并不于同一时间的事实相反，这时需仔细判断其所述情景，运用适当的语气和时态。
1) If you had followed my advice, your English would be much better.
如果你当时听了我的话，现在你的英语就会好得多了。（从句与过去事实想相反，主句与现在事实相反）
2) If he weren’t a kind-hearted man, he wouldn’t have helped such a man as you that day.
（从句是与一般特性相反的假设，主句表示与过去事实相反的结局。）
3) If it hadn’t been for you, I would have to make another trip there tomorrow.
如不是你的话，我明天还要再走一趟。(从句与过去事实相反，主句与将来事实相反。)
4)If I were you，I wouldn't have missed the film last night．如果我是你，我就不会错过昨天晚上的那部电影。（从句与现在事实相反，主句与过去事实相反。）
5)If he had followed the doctor's advice，he would recover already．如果他遵照医生的劝告，现在病就好了。（从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反。）
3．在if虚拟条件句中，有时可把连词省去，采用倒装语序把谓语动词were或助动词had，should移到句首构成非真实条件从句的另一种句型，其意思不变。例如：
1)Had we time to spare，we would be glad to go to the park．如果能抽出时间，我们很乐意逛公园。
2)Were it not for the discovery of electricity，the modern world would experience great inconvenience．假如没有发现电，现代世界将很不方便。
3) Should I get a rise, I would treat you to whisky.如果我能长工资，就请你喝威士忌。
4．有时假设的情况不用if引导虚拟条件从句来表述，而用介词（如without， but for等）引出的短语、分词（如supposing等）引出的短语、并列连词（如or，otherwise，but，though等）、由动词suppose引出的祈使句或通过上下文的意思来表达。此时句中谓语动词仍采用虚拟语气的相应形式。例如：
1)But for your advice，I would not be able to do this work．要不是你的劝告，我是不会做这份工作的。
2)Victor obviously doesn't know what's happened，otherwise he wouldn't have made such a stupid remark．显然维克多不知道发生了什么事情。不然的话，他就不会说这样愚蠢的话了。
二．Wish 后的宾语从句的虚拟语气
1. 从句用过去式或过去进行式(时间上是同时的)。其句子结构为：宾语从句的谓语be和were(was)，实义动词用过去式。例：
1). I wish (that可省略, 下同) I knew the answer to the question.(wish, 动词过去式knew)我希望知道这个答案。(事实上是不知道)
2). I wish it were spring in my hometown all the year around. (wish, were)但愿我的家乡四季如春。(事实上不可能)
3). I wish I were a bird. (wish, were)但愿我是只小鸟。(事实上不可能)
4). When she was at the party, she wished she were at home. (wished,过去虚拟动词were)(事实上并不在家)
5). Now that he is in China, he wishes he understood Chinese. (wishes,过去虚拟动词understood) 现在他在中国，他希望能懂得中文。(事实上并不懂)
6). When we begin the trip, they will wish they were with us. (will wish,过去虚拟动词were)(事实上并不和我们在一起)
2. 对过去情况的虚拟（和过去的事实相反）：
用wish表示对过去事情的遗憾。其句子结构为：宾语从句的谓语用过去完成时，或would, could, might+现在完成时。例：
1). I wish (that可省略，下同) I hadn't wasted so much time.我后悔不该浪费这么多时间。(事实上已浪费了)
2). He wishes he hadn't lost the chance. 他真希望没有失去机会。(其实已失去)
3). We wished he had spoken to us. (wished，had + spoken)(事实上他并没同我们讲)
4). I wish you had called earlier. (wish, had + called)(事实上已迟了)
5). They will wish they had listened to us sooner. (will wish, had + listened)(事实上并不如此)
例题分析：I wish I ______ longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class.
A. could have slept B. slept C. might have slept D. have slept
本题后半句谓语动词have用的是过去时had to get up and come, 所以前面要用过去完成时表示过去发生的动作。所以, 选项A)could have left是答案
3. 对将来情况的虚拟(表示将来的主观愿望)：
从句动词"would/should/could/might + 动词原形"(时间上较后)(请注意：主句和从句的主语不相同)。用wish表示对将来事情的愿望。例：
1). I wish it would stop raining. (虚拟动词would+动词原形stop)我希望雨能停止。(事实上雨还在下着呢)
2). I wish you would be quiet. (would + be)我希望你安静一些。(事实上那家伙还在吵着呢)
3). you wished she would arrive the next day. (would + arrive)你希望她第二天会到。(事实上她还没到)
4). I w
生词表:
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