The ing-form used as adverbial

一．现在分词作状语有几种形式?
答:有四种.
( 1 )一般形式，由动词原形＋ing构成．
（２）完成形式，由having+过去分词．
（３）进行被动式：由being＋过去分词
（４）完成被动式：由having been＋过去分词构成


二．-ing短语作状语称为现在分词短语作状语
现在分词短语作状语时，通常都表示主语正在进行的另一动作，来对谓语表示的主要动作加以修饰或作为陪衬．
1. Relying on our own efforts, we overcame all the difficulties.
2. They stood there for an hour , watching the game.
3. Don’t just stand there doing nothing.


三．现在分词何时用一般形式?
答：当分词的动作是由主语发出，而且和谓语动词同时发生，则用分词的一般形式．
4. He was ill and didn’t attend the meeting.
=Being ill, he didn’t attend the meeting.
5. When he saw those picture ,he couldn’t help thinking of those memorable days in the war.
=Seeing those pictures, he couldn’t help thinking of those memorable days in the war.


四．或者分词表示的是一个极短暂的动作,这动作一发生,谓语表示的动作立即发生,也用分词的一般形式.
6. Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy.
7. Reaching home, he began writing a melody for it.
8. Walking out of the room, he found the boy still there.
9. Arriving at the hotel, she found them busy laying tables.


五．现在分词何时用完成形式
•答：当分词的动作是由主语发出，而且发生在谓语动作之前，则用分词的完成形式．
10. Having finished the class, she went home.
=After she finished the class…
11. Having worked among the peasants for many years, he knew them very well.
=As he had worked…





六．现在分词何时用进行被动式
•答：当分词的动作由主语承受，而且分词的动作与谓语动词同时发生时．
12. Being criticized by the employer, the new employee hung his head.


七．现在分词何时用完成的被动式
答：当分词表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，且分词表示的动作由主语承受．
13. Having been beaten by the farmer, the horse went away.
14. Having been praised for his job, Tom worked harder.
15. Having been cut off from their source of supply, the guerrillas camped in the open air and live on wild plants.


八．现在分词作状语相当于状语从
句可表时间，原因，方式，伴随情况，结果或条件等

(1)相当于原因状语从句
16. Being ill(=As she is ill), she didn’t g to school today.
17. Having seen the film (=Because he had seen the film ),he didn’t go to the cinema with them.
18. Feeling tired(=Because I felt tired), I went to bed early.
19. Not knowing her address (Because we didn’t know her address), we couldn’t get in touch with her.

（2）相当于时间状语从句
20. Walking in the street (=When I was walking in the street), I caught sight of a tailor shop.
21. Turning around (When she turned around), she saw an ambulance driving up.
22. When leaving the airport (When they left the airport), they waved again and again.
23. Don’t mention this while talking to him (while you are talking to him).


(3)表示行为方式，伴随情况或补充说明等
24. Holding the note in his hand, he stood there dumbfounded.(发愣的）
25. The students went away, running and laughing.
26. Staving, he wandered about.


(4)表示结果
27. The old man died, leaving nothing but debts.
28. We hurried to school, finding there were no students in the school.
29. They opened fire, killing one of our patrolmen.


(5)表示条件
30. Staying here for some time, you’ll find the people here are friendly.
31. If playing all day, you will waste your valuable time.


九．是不是每个状语从句都能用分词替换
•答：不是．只有当分词和句子的主语有逻辑上的主谓关系时，才能用分词替换．
32. Before I came into the lab, the students had been seated.
33 .Come into 的动作既不是students发出的也不是students承受，所以不能这样说
34. Coming into the lab, the students had been seated.


十．分词作状语时，分词和句子的主语一定要有逻辑上的主谓关系
•何为逻辑上的主谓关系？即分词的动作由句子的主语发出或承受．
35. We are sitting here, making notes. make的动作由主语我们发出
36. Being scolded by his mother, the boy hung his head. Scold 的动作由the boy承受
•如果分词和句子没有逻辑上的主谓关系，则不能用单个的分词作状语，可以用分词的独立主格结构或状语从句．


十一。现在分词的独立结构为名词或代词＋分词，名词或代词是分词的逻辑主语
37. Time pe
生词表: