1.course / cause
course:
1. 路线;方向[C]
Our course was straight to the south. 我们的方向是一直向南。
2. 过程;进程[U] during / in the course of
It was one of those ideas that change the course of history.
这便是那些能改变历史演进的观点之一。
3. 课程,科目[C][(+in/on)]
She took a course in philosophy. 她选读了一门哲学课程。
4. 一道菜[C]
The first course was soup. 头道菜是汤。

cause
 ⑴作动词“引起、 原因”后接双宾语，有时接宾语用介词to 引导的短语表示。
The operation caused the patient much pain.手术使病人很痛苦。
 ⑵后可接由名词或代词和不定式构成的复合宾语。
   The lightning caused the baby to cry. 闪电把孩子给吓哭了。
 ⑶名词“事业、原因”是可数名词，后接of；作“理由”是不可数名词,后接介词for。
   There is no effect without a cause. 没有无原因的结果。
   Helping the poor is a worthy cause. 帮助穷人是高尚之举。
There is no cause for anxiety. 不必焦虑。

2. advice n. 忠告，劝告，建议
ask for/ seek one’s advice 征求某人的建议
give/offer sb. advice 给某人建议
take/follow one’s advice 接受某人的建议
some advice on/about… 有关……的建议（忠告）
I asked my teacher for advice on my future course.
我请我的老师对我的未来去向作些建议。
You’ve given me some good advice.
你给了我一些好忠告。
He stopped smoking on the doctor’s advice.
他听医生的劝告而戒烟。
advise v.劝告，建议
The doctor advised a week’s rest. 医生建议休息一个星期。
Could you advise me on the problem? 对于这个问题你能给我些忠告吗？
I advise her against driving. =I advised her not to drive. 我劝告她不要开车。
We advised starting early. 我们建议早点出发。
What do you advise me to do? 你劝我做什么？
I advise that he should go at once. 我建议他马上去。
注：advise接从句时，从句中的谓语动词用虚拟语气，形式为“should+动词原形”，should可以省略。
persuade vt. 说服
persuade sb. to do sth. / persuade sb. into doing sth
When shopping, customers are often persuaded into buying some useless things.

3. mean to do / mean doing
This will mean a great many jobs for school-leavers in the province.
[解析]mean 在这里作“意味着”讲，相当于to be a sign of。
mean sth/doing sth
Missing the train means waiting for an hour.
错过这趟火车意味着要再等上一个小时。
The dark clouds mean rain.
乌去是下雨的征兆。
mean to do sth
“I mean to meet you at the school gate at 5 o’clock.” says Jimmy.

4. Cloth/ clothing/ clothes
cloth 做衣服用的材料，则不可数； 如果指具体用途的“布” 可数
a table cloth a dish- cloth
clothing 衣服，服装的总称，集合名词，只用单数
food, clothing and shelter 衣 食 住
a piece/article of clothing 一件衣服
children’s clothing 童装
clothes 指上衣，外衣，内衣等，无单数形式,只有复数，不受具体数词修饰，可以被many/several/few 等修饰

5. leave out 省去，遗漏
It’s up to you to decide what to leave out and what to leave in.
Not a comma was left out.

6. manners 礼貌，规矩（good/ bad manners） 行为方式
It’s bad _____ to make a noise while _______ soup
A manners; eaten B manner; eating
C manners; eating D manners; eat

I don’t like the ________he speaks (manner)

7. raise 提高，扬起，饲养，养大， 种植， 筹集
She raised her hand to ask a question
The car raised dust as it went by
They raised more pigs than they did last year
He raised a new point at the meeting
We had great trouble in raising the money.
His wages were raised last month
They made a living by raising crops
raise Vt. raised raised
rise Vi. rose risen
1). With prices now _______, now ______, who know what it will cost next year?
A to rise, to fall B rising, falling C to raise, falling D raising, to fall
2). The number of students in this school ______ by 10% every year.
A rise B raise C rises D raises
3). Voices were _________ as the argument between the two taxi drivers became more bad-tempered.
A increased B repeated C raised D developed
Raise 饲养动物，养育子女，培育动物
Grow 着重种植后的培育，管理
Plant 着重“种植”的行为
Keep 饲养
Support “养家糊口”
Feed 喂食
We _____ fruit trees round the house.
The farmers ________ wheat in this field.
Rice _________ mainly in the south.

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