PASSAGE 16

Bees and Colour

　　On our table in the garden we put a blue card, and all around this blue card we put a number of different grey cards. These trey cards are of all possible shades of grey and include white and black. On each card a watch-glass is placed. The watch-glass on the blue card has some syrup in it; all the others are empty. After a short time bees find the syrup, and they come for it again and again. Then, after some hours, we take away the watch-glass of syrup which was on the blue card and put an empty one in its place.
　　Now what do the bees do? They still go straight to the blue card, although there is no syrup there. They do not go to any of the grey cards, in spite of the fact that one of the grey cards is of exactly the same brightness as the blue card. Thus the bees do not mistake any shade of grey for blue. In this way we have proved that they do really see blue as a colour.
　　We can find out in just the same way what other colours bees can see. It turns out that bees can see various colours, but these insects differ from us as regards their colour-sense in two very interesting ways. Suppose we train bees to come to a red card, and, having done so, we put the red card on the table in the garden among the set of different grey cards. This time we find that the bees mistake red for dark grey or black. They cannot distinguish between them. This means that red is not a colour at all for bees; for them it is just dark grey or black.
　　That is one strange fact; here is another. A rainbow is red on one edge, violet on the other. Outside the violet of the rainbow there is another colour which we cannot see at all. This colour beyond the violet, invisible to us, is called the ultra-violet. Although it is invisible, we know that the ultra-violet is there because it affects a photographic plate. Now, although we are unable to see ultra-violet light, bees can do so; for them ultra-violet is a colour. Thus bees see a colour w

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hich we cannot even imagine. This has been found out by training bees to come for syrup to various parts of a spectrum, or artificial rainbow, thrown by a prism on a table in a dark room. In such an experiment the insects can be taught to fly to the ultra-violet, which for us is just darkness.

1. The experiment with bees described in the first and second paragraphs tell us that bees regard blue as a colour.
A. True
B. False
C. Not mentioned

2. The third paragraph tells us that bees also regard red as a colour.
A. True
B. False
C. Not mentioned

3. The experiment described in the second paragraph aimed to find out that bees are not able to see grey as a colour.
A. True
B. False
C. Not mentioned

4. An artificial rainbow was created for the experiment to see whether bees can recognize the ultra-violet as a colour.
A. True
B. False
C. Not mentioned

5. The fourth paragraph tells us that bees may be harmed by ultra-violet light.
A. True
B. False
C. Not mentioned

6. We can conclude from the passage that bees recognize colours in the same way as human beings.
A. True
B. False
C. Not mentioned

7. Bees are more sensitive to colours than human beings.
A. True
B. False
C. Not mentioned

KEY: ABBACBC

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PASSAGE 17
Look After Your Voice

　　Often speakers at a meeting experience dry mouths and ask for a glass of water. You can solve the problem by activating the saliva in you mouth. First gently bite the edges of your tongue with your teeth. Or, press your entire tongue to the bottom of your mouth and hold it there until the saliva flow. Or you can imagine that you are slicing a big juicy lemon and sucking the juice.
　　Before you begin your talk, be kind to your voice, Avoid milk or creamy drinks which coat your throat. Keen your throat wet by drinking a little sweetened warm tea or diluted fruit juice.
　　If you sense that your are losing your voice, stop talking completely. Save your voice for your speech. You may feel foolish using paper to write notes, but the best thing you can do is to rest your voice. If you need to see a doctor, perhaps you can get some advice from a professional singer. In the meantime, do not even talk in a low voice.
　　What about drinking alcohol to wet your throat? I advice you not to touch alcohol before speaking. The problem with alcohol is that one drink gives you a little confidence. The second drink gives you even more confidence. Finally you will feel all-powerful and you will feel you can do everything, but in fact your brain and your mouth do not work together properly. Save the alcohol until after you finish speaking.
　　Perhaps you want to accept the advice, but you may wonder if you can ever change the habits of a lifetime. Of course you can. Goethe, who lived before indoor skating rinks or swimming pools, said, "We learn to skate in the summer and swim in the winter". Take this message to heart and give yourself time to develop your new habits. If you are wiling to change, you will soon be able to say that you will never forget these techniques because they became a part of your body.
EXERCISE:
1） To solve the problem of dry mouths, one is advised to take cool milk.
A) True B) False C) Not mentioned
2) The first paragraph mention three ways of activating the saliva in the mouth.
A) True B) False C) Not mentioned
3) The writer suggests that you go to see a doctor when you feel you are losing your voice.
A) True B) False C) Not mentioned
4) The writer advice about alcohol before you make a speech is to take one or two drinks so as to give yourself some confidence.
A) True B) False C) Not mentioned
5) Due to the effect of alcohol, your thought and your mouth will not coordinate properly.
A) True B) False C) Not mentioned
6) Goethe often did outdoor skating and swimming.
A) True B) False C) Not mentioned
7) The w

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riter cites Goethe to prove that one can change one s habits.
A) True B) False C) Not mentioned

KEY:B A B B A C A

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