In 2012, creativity and adaptability will be key to landing and keeping a job for many workers, as staff levels remain lean and employees are expected to respond to a wide variety of demands, experts say.
专家们表示，对于许多上班族来说，若要在2012年找到一份新工作或是留住现有工作，关键是要会创新、能适应，因为这一年里，用人企业仍会保持精简的人员配置，而且他们希望自己的员工能够适应各类需求。
Economists don't expect loads of job growth, but there could be opportunities in areas such as health care, professional services, retail and some manufacturing, says Harry Holzer, a public-policy professor at Georgetown University. Also, continuing churn in the labor market means that even in areas with few new jobs, there will still be openings when workers move around.
经济学家预计2012年新增就业不会明显上升，不过乔治城大学(Georgetown University)研究公共政策的教授亨利•霍尔则(Harry Holzer)表示，在医疗保健、专业服务、零售和某些制造业等领域可能会出现一些机会。而且鉴于就业市场中的不安氛围还将存在，即便在那些几乎没有新增就业机会的领域，也会因员工跳槽而出现职位空缺。
Technical knowledge and experience will be required for certain spots. 'For professional services you usually need a professional degree. In health you usually need some training,' Mr. Holzer says. 'Manufacturing needs some occupational training. Retail is different. It doesn't require specific occupational training, but it does often require some interpersonal skills.'
某些职位会要求应聘者具备相应的技术知识和工作经验。霍尔则说，"应聘专业服务行业，你通常需要一个专业学位。从事医疗保健工作，你通常需要接受过一些专业训练。制造业需要些职业培训，零售业不太一样。零售业不需要特殊的职业培训，不过往往需要人们具备一定的人际交往技巧。"
In addition to the standard prerequisites, employers will be looking for workers who are able to quickly adapt to new responsibilities as companies respond to changing economic and industry trends. So workers should highlight their creative skills to differentiate themselves, says Lawrence Katz, an economist at Harvard University.
除了这些基本的先决条件，用人单位还希望招来的员工在有能力在企业根据不断变化的经济环境和行业趋势做出调整时，能迅速适应新的工作职责。因此哈佛大学(Harvard University)的经济学家劳伦斯•卡茨(Lawrence Katz)说，人们若要让自己显得卓尔不群，则需要突出展示自己的创新能力。
'Firms have so many job seekers per opening. They are going to want candidates with clear credentials, but also a little extra shine in interactive skills and creativity,' Mr. Katz says. 'They are less willing in a weak labor market to take chances.'
卡茨说，"企业的每个职位空缺都有那么多找工作的人来应聘。企业不仅会希望应聘者具备适合该职位的资质，而且还会要求他们在人际交往技巧和创新能力方面有些额外的优势。在就业市场疲软的大环境下，企业更不愿意去冒险。"
Here are other skills experts recommend workers should pick up and enhance.
专家们还建议人们学会并增强其他一些技巧，下文将它们一一列出。
Technical literacy. It's important for workers at a variety of levels to be familiar with some of the technical, if mundane, processes that keep organizations running smoothly.
技术能力。无论身处多高的职位，对于上班族而言，熟悉那些能帮助机构顺利运作的技术流程（即便有些流程似乎很平常无奇）十分重要。
Take the health-care industry. Providers are bringing on more technology when it comes to record keeping and billing.
以医疗保健行业为例。如今提供医疗服务的机构越来越多地使用科技手段来保存病例和处理账务。
'A knowledge of electronic data handling is just a really big plus. That goes for receptionists to the doctors who are becoming employees of larger hospital systems,' says Warren Bobrow, president of All About Performance, a Los Angeles-based skills-assessment consultancy.
职业咨询公司All About Performance的总裁沃伦•博布罗(Warren Bobrow)说，"知晓如何处理电子信息确实是个很大的优势。无论是前台接待人员还是医生，只要准备去大型医疗系统工作，都是这样。"这家公司总部位于洛杉矶，提供技术评估咨询服务。
Workers also need to be good users of social media. There's a fine line between letting interested parties know about the latest news and bombarding them with too much information. Still, individuals shouldn't be afraid to use networking sites such as LinkedIn to make employment connections.
上班族还需要能熟练使用社交媒体。如何让相关人群了解到有关于你的最新动态，又不致造成对他们的信息轰炸，把握这个度需要些技巧。无论如何，人们不应该对利用社交网络来建立工作人脉的做法望而却步。
Business acumen. As companies remain concerned about demand for their products and services, a wide variety of employees need to think about sales, experts say. Even those outside of marketing should care about revenue, and making sure customers are happy.
商业嗅觉。专家们认为，企业总是要异常关注其产品和服务的市场需求问题，企业的所有员工也都需要把销售问题放在心上。就算是那些不在市场营销部门的员工也应该关心自己所在企业的整体收入状况，要努力让客户满意。
Mr. Bobrow has clients in Colorado, an orthopedic practice with more than a dozen doctors, and those doctors don't become partners until client-satisfaction surveys are reviewed and good results are found.
博布罗在科罗拉多州有一个客户，是一家拥有十多位医生的外科整形诊所。起先，那里的医生不是诊所的合伙人。直到客户满意度调查完成后，反馈结果很好，于是这些医生全部成为了合伙人。
'They are in a competitive marketplace because so much of their work is based on referrals,' Mr. Bobrow says. 'The doctors realize that their revenue depends on all of them bringing in more patients and having patients come back.'
博布罗说，"他们处在一个竞争激烈的市场中，因为他们的大部分工作是靠推荐得来的。这些医生很清楚，他们的收入完全取决于他们能否吸引更多患者，能否让患者下次再来。"
Being savvy about pleasing customers isn't about spin, says Ben Dattner, a New York-based organizational psychologist and author. Rather, workers need to illustrate the advantages of their products and services to please employers dealing with an ultra-competitive environment.
纽约组织心理学家兼作家本•达特尼尔(Ben Dattner)指出，有能力取悦客户并不意味着要欺骗。员工需要的是陈述产品和服务的优势，以帮助雇主对付竞争异常激烈的商业环境。
'Try to get to know your customer, the market and figure out how you can put things together in a package that adds value,' Mr. Dattner says. 'Law firms are increasingly recruiting professionals who [bring clients with them]. The actual practice of law is becoming commoditized to some extent, but the ability to bring in customer relationships and be flexible is what companies are increasingly looking for.'
达特尼尔说，"努力去了解你的客户和你所在的市场，并找到如何让你的工作能带来新价值的方法。如今的律师事务所越来越多地聘用那些能带来客户的专业人士，这固然是因为现实中的法律事务在一定程度上是越来越商业化了，另一方面，带来新客户以及适应多种环境的能力是如今许多企业都越来越重视的东西。"
General proficiency. Companies are looking for workers who are flexible and can take on functions in various jobs as market demands change, says Greg Barnett, director of product development at Hogan Assessment Systems, a Tulsa, Okla.-based personality-assessment and consulting firm. That is, companies want workers who are 'solid organizational citizens'
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