章节正文
Questions 1 to 5 are
based on the following passage.
1. What the author
discussed in the previous section is most probably about
____.
A) relationships between causes and results
B) classification of reasoning
C) some other common types of reasoning
D) some special type of reasoning
2. According to the
passage, to do the "effect to effect" reasoning is to
reason ____.
A) from cause to effect
B) from effect to cause
C) from effect to effect and on to cause
D) from effect to cause and on to another effect
3. A necessary cause
is ____.
A) one without which it is impossible for the effect to occur
B) one of the causes that can produce the effect
C) one that is enough to make the effect occur
D) none of them
4. Your refrigerator
is not working and you have found that the electric power has been
cut off.
The power failure is a ____.
A) necessary
cause
B) sufficient cause
C) contributory
cause
D) none of them
5. This passage
mainly discusses ____.
A) causal
reasoning
B) classification of cause
C) various types of
reasoning
D) the causal process
Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.
Another common type
of reasoning is the search for causes and results. We want to know
whether cigarettes really do cause lung cancer, what cause
malnutrition（营养不良）, the decay of cities, or the decay of teeth. We
are equally interested in effects: what is the effect of sulphur or
lead in the atmosphere, of oil spills and raw sewage (污水、污物）in
rivers and the sea, of staying up late on the night before an
examination?
注：1.reasoning
推理。
2.第一句 Another...下结论，是主题句。
3.第二、三句 We want to ...an examination?是举例,可以略读
。
4.malnutrition 中"mal"是表示"不好"的前缀；overnutrition 营养过剩。
Causal reasoning may
go from cause to effect or from effect to cause. Either way, we
reason from what we know to what we want to find out. Sometimes we
reason from an effect to a cause and then on to another effect.
Thus, if we reason that because the lights have gone out, the
refrigerator won't work we first relate the effect (lights out) to
the cause (power off) and then relate that cause to another effect.
This kind of reasoning is called, for short, effect to effect. It
is quite common to reason through an extensive chain of causal
relations. When the lights go out we might reason in the following
causal chain: lights out-power off-refrigerator not working
-temperature will rise-milk will sour. In other words, we diagnose
（判定）a succession of effects from the power failure, each becoming
the cause of the next.
注：1.causal
原因的，因果关系的。
2.三种推理方式：从原因到结果、从结果到原因、从结果到原因再到另一个结果，第三种更重要。
3.extensive 广泛的，来自extend延伸 extensivereading 泛读。
4.In other words 换而言之 a succession of 一系列。
5.本段讲关系链。
Causes are classified
as necessary, sufficient, or contributory（起辅助作用的）. A necessary
cause is one which must be present for the effect to occur, as
combustion (燃烧)，is necessary to drive a gasoline engine. A
sufficient cause is one which can produce an effect unaided (独自的),
though there may be more than one sufficient cause: a dead battery
is enough to keep a car from starting, but faulty spark
plugs（火花塞）or an empty gas tank will have the same effect. A
contributory cause is one which helps to produce an effect but
cannot do so by itself, as running through a red light may help
cause an accident, though other factors --- pedestrians (行人) or
other cars in the intersection-must also be present.
注：intersection 交叉路口
inter+section。
In establishing or refuting (驳斥，反斥) a causal relation it is usually
necessary to show the process by which the alleged (所宣称的，所指称的)
cause produces the effect. Such an explanation is called a causal
process.
注：在证实或驳斥因果关系需要把推理过程显示出来，如灯灭了，牛奶变酸：灯灭了-停电-冰箱不工作-温度上升-牛奶变酸
1. What the author
discussed in the previous section is most probably about
____.
A) relationships between causes and results
B) classification of reasoning
C) some other common types of reasoning
D) some special type of reasoning
注：文章之前的段落内容=首句+结构提示词，one-the，other/some-another。
Another common type
of reasoning is the search for causes and results. We want to know
whether cigarettes really do cause lung cancer, what cause
malnutrition（营养不良）, the decay of cities, or the decay of teeth. We
are equally interested in effects: what is the effect of sulphur or
lead in the atmosphere, of oil spills and raw sewage (污水、污物）in
rivers and the sea, of staying up late on the night before an
examination?
2. According to the
passage, to do the "effect to effect" reasoning is to reason
A) from cause to effect
B) from effect to cause
C) from effect to effect and on to cause
D) from effect to cause and on to another effect
3. A necessary cause
is ____.
A) one without which it is impossible for the effect to occur
B) one of the causes that can produce the effect
C) one that is enough to make the effect occur
D) none of them
注：第三段，A选项是必须在场的相同意思的改写。B选项是原因之一，sufficient
cause，C选项没有"必须"含义。
Causes are classified
as necessary, sufficient, or contributory（起辅助作用的）. A necessary
cause is one which must be present for the effect to occur, as
combustion (燃烧)，is necessary to drive a gasoline engine. A
sufficient cause is one which can produce an effect unaided (独自的),
though there may be more than one sufficient cause: a dead battery
is enough to keep a car from starting, but faulty spark
plugs（火花塞）or an empty gas tank will have the same effect. A
contributory cause is one which helps to produce an effect but
cannot do so by itself, as running through a red light may help
cause an accident, though other factors --- pedestrians (行人) or
other cars in the intersection-must also be present.
4. Your refrigerator
is not working and you have found that the electric power has been
cut off.
The power failure is a ____.
A) necessary
cause
B) sufficient cause
C) contributory
cause
D) none of them
注：断电不是冰箱不工作的必要原因，而是原因之一，冰箱坏了也可以导致冰箱不工作。
Causes are classified
as necessary, sufficient, or contributory（起辅助作用的）. A necessary
cause is one which must be present for the effect to occur, as
combustion (燃烧)，is necessary to drive a gasoline engine. A
sufficient cause is one which can produce an effect unaided (独自的),
though there may be more than one sufficient cause: a dead battery
is enough to keep a car from starting, but faulty spark
plugs（火花塞）or an empty gas tank will have the same effect. A
contributory cause is one which helps to produce an effect but
cannot do so by itself, as running through a red light may help
cause an accident, though other factors --- pedestrians (行人) or
other cars in the intersection-must also be present.
5. This passage mainly discusses
____.
A) causal
reasoning
B) classification of cause
C) various types of reasoningD) the causal
process
原文地址：http://www./cet/reading/2011-11-21/137742.html
based on the following passage.
1. What the author
discussed in the previous section is most probably about
____.
A) relationships between causes and results
B) classification of reasoning
C) some other common types of reasoning
D) some special type of reasoning
2. According to the
passage, to do the "effect to effect" reasoning is to
reason ____.
A) from cause to effect
B) from effect to cause
C) from effect to effect and on to cause
D) from effect to cause and on to another effect
3. A necessary cause
is ____.
A) one without which it is impossible for the effect to occur
B) one of the causes that can produce the effect
C) one that is enough to make the effect occur
D) none of them
4. Your refrigerator
is not working and you have found that the electric power has been
cut off.
The power failure is a ____.
A) necessary
cause
B) sufficient cause
C) contributory
cause
D) none of them
5. This passage
mainly discusses ____.
A) causal
reasoning
B) classification of cause
C) various types of
reasoning
D) the causal process
Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.
Another common type
of reasoning is the search for causes and results. We want to know
whether cigarettes really do cause lung cancer, what cause
malnutrition（营养不良）, the decay of cities, or the decay of teeth. We
are equally interested in effects: what is the effect of sulphur or
lead in the atmosphere, of oil spills and raw sewage (污水、污物）in
rivers and the sea, of staying up late on the night before an
examination?
注：1.reasoning
推理。
2.第一句 Another...下结论，是主题句。
3.第二、三句 We want to ...an examination?是举例,可以略读
。
4.malnutrition 中"mal"是表示"不好"的前缀；overnutrition 营养过剩。
Causal reasoning may
go from cause to effect or from effect to cause. Either way, we
reason from what we know to what we want to find out. Sometimes we
reason from an effect to a cause and then on to another effect.
Thus, if we reason that because the lights have gone out, the
refrigerator won't work we first relate the effect (lights out) to
the cause (power off) and then relate that cause to another effect.
This kind of reasoning is called, for short, effect to effect. It
is quite common to reason through an extensive chain of causal
relations. When the lights go out we might reason in the following
causal chain: lights out-power off-refrigerator not working
-temperature will rise-milk will sour. In other words, we diagnose
（判定）a succession of effects from the power failure, each becoming
the cause of the next.
注：1.causal
原因的，因果关系的。
2.三种推理方式：从原因到结果、从结果到原因、从结果到原因再到另一个结果，第三种更重要。
3.extensive 广泛的，来自extend延伸 extensivereading 泛读。
4.In other words 换而言之 a succession of 一系列。
5.本段讲关系链。
Causes are classified
as necessary, sufficient, or contributory（起辅助作用的）. A necessary
cause is one which must be present for the effect to occur, as
combustion (燃烧)，is necessary to drive a gasoline engine. A
sufficient cause is one which can produce an effect unaided (独自的),
though there may be more than one sufficient cause: a dead battery
is enough to keep a car from starting, but faulty spark
plugs（火花塞）or an empty gas tank will have the same effect. A
contributory cause is one which helps to produce an effect but
cannot do so by itself, as running through a red light may help
cause an accident, though other factors --- pedestrians (行人) or
other cars in the intersection-must also be present.
注：intersection 交叉路口
inter+section。
In establishing or refuting (驳斥，反斥) a causal relation it is usually
necessary to show the process by which the alleged (所宣称的，所指称的)
cause produces the effect. Such an explanation is called a causal
process.
注：在证实或驳斥因果关系需要把推理过程显示出来，如灯灭了，牛奶变酸：灯灭了-停电-冰箱不工作-温度上升-牛奶变酸
1. What the author
discussed in the previous section is most probably about
____.
A) relationships between causes and results
B) classification of reasoning
C) some other common types of reasoning
D) some special type of reasoning
注：文章之前的段落内容=首句+结构提示词，one-the，other/some-another。
Another common type
of reasoning is the search for causes and results. We want to know
whether cigarettes really do cause lung cancer, what cause
malnutrition（营养不良）, the decay of cities, or the decay of teeth. We
are equally interested in effects: what is the effect of sulphur or
lead in the atmosphere, of oil spills and raw sewage (污水、污物）in
rivers and the sea, of staying up late on the night before an
examination?
2. According to the
passage, to do the "effect to effect" reasoning is to reason
A) from cause to effect
B) from effect to cause
C) from effect to effect and on to cause
D) from effect to cause and on to another effect
3. A necessary cause
is ____.
A) one without which it is impossible for the effect to occur
B) one of the causes that can produce the effect
C) one that is enough to make the effect occur
D) none of them
注：第三段，A选项是必须在场的相同意思的改写。B选项是原因之一，sufficient
cause，C选项没有"必须"含义。
Causes are classified
as necessary, sufficient, or contributory（起辅助作用的）. A necessary
cause is one which must be present for the effect to occur, as
combustion (燃烧)，is necessary to drive a gasoline engine. A
sufficient cause is one which can produce an effect unaided (独自的),
though there may be more than one sufficient cause: a dead battery
is enough to keep a car from starting, but faulty spark
plugs（火花塞）or an empty gas tank will have the same effect. A
contributory cause is one which helps to produce an effect but
cannot do so by itself, as running through a red light may help
cause an accident, though other factors --- pedestrians (行人) or
other cars in the intersection-must also be present.
4. Your refrigerator
is not working and you have found that the electric power has been
cut off.
The power failure is a ____.
A) necessary
cause
B) sufficient cause
C) contributory
cause
D) none of them
注：断电不是冰箱不工作的必要原因，而是原因之一，冰箱坏了也可以导致冰箱不工作。
Causes are classified
as necessary, sufficient, or contributory（起辅助作用的）. A necessary
cause is one which must be present for the effect to occur, as
combustion (燃烧)，is necessary to drive a gasoline engine. A
sufficient cause is one which can produce an effect unaided (独自的),
though there may be more than one sufficient cause: a dead battery
is enough to keep a car from starting, but faulty spark
plugs（火花塞）or an empty gas tank will have the same effect. A
contributory cause is one which helps to produce an effect but
cannot do so by itself, as running through a red light may help
cause an accident, though other factors --- pedestrians (行人) or
other cars in the intersection-must also be present.
5. This passage mainly discusses
____.
A) causal
reasoning
B) classification of cause
C) various types of reasoningD) the causal
process
原文地址：http://www./cet/reading/2011-11-21/137742.html
- previous [´pri:viəs]
a.先，前，以前的 (初中英语单词) - working [´wə:kiŋ] a.工人的；劳动的 (初中英语单词)
- failure [´feiljə] n.失败；衰竭；破产 (初中英语单词)
- cancer [´kænsə] n.癌；毒瘤 (初中英语单词)
- equally [´i:kwəli] ad.相等地；平等地 (初中英语单词)
- sulphur [´sʌlfə] n.硫，硫磺 (初中英语单词)
- atmosphere [´ætməsfiə] n.大气；空气；气氛 (初中英语单词)
- relate [ri´leit] v.阐明；使联系；涉及 (初中英语单词)
- extensive [ik´stensiv] a.广阔的；大量的 (初中英语单词)
- succession [sək´seʃən] n.继任；继承(权) (初中英语单词)
- reading [´ri:diŋ] n.(阅)读；朗读；读物 (初中英语单词)
- running [´rʌniŋ] a.奔跑的；流动的 (初中英语单词)
- explanation [,eksplə´neiʃən] n.解释；说明；辩解 (初中英语单词)
- mainly [´meinli] ad.主要地；大体上 (初中英语单词)
- classification [,klæsifi´keiʃən] n.分类(法)；等级 (高中英语单词)
- reasoning [´ri:zəniŋ] n.推理，评理 a.推理的 (高中英语单词)
- gasoline [´gæsəli:n] n.汽油 (高中英语单词)
- faulty [´fɔ:lti] a.有毛病的；有故障的 (英语六级单词)
文章标签:英语四 英语四级 阅读理解 新东方 新东方英语 英语四级阅读
章节正文
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