第二十一章 句子的种类概说
1.按使用目的，句子可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。
1）陈述句（Declarative Sentences）：说明一个事实或陈述一种看法。例如：
Light travels faster than sound. 光比声传播速度快。（说明事实）
The film is rather boring. 这部电影很乏味。（说明看法）
2）疑问句（Interrogative Sentences）：提出问题。有以下四种：
a. 一般疑问句（General Questions）：
Can you finish the work in time? 你能按时完成工作吗？
b. 特殊疑问句（Wh-Questions）：
Where do you live? 你住那儿？
c. 选择疑问句（Alternative Questions）：
Do you want tea or coffee? 你是要茶还是要咖啡？
d. 反意疑问句（Tag-Questions）：
He doesn't know her, does he? 他不认识她，对不对？
3）祈使句（Imperative Sentences）：提出请求，建议或发出命令。例如：
Don't be nervous! 别紧张！
4）感叹句（Exclamatory Sentences）：表示说话人惊奇、喜悦、愤怒等情绪。例如：
What good news it is! 多好的消息啊！
2.句子按其结构可以分为以下三类：
1）简单句（Simple Sentences）：只包含一个主谓结构句子叫简单句。例如：
She is fond of collecting stamps. 她喜欢集邮。
2）并列句（Compound Sentences）：包含两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子叫并列句，句与句之间通常用并列连词或分号来连接。例如：
The food was good, but he had little appetite. 食物很精美，但他却没什么胃口。
3）复合句（Complex Sentences）：包含一个主句和一个或几个从句的句子叫复合句，从句由从属连词引导。例如：
The film had begun when we got to the cinema. 我们到达电影院的时候，电影已经开演了。
3.基本句型：英语中千变万化的句子归根结底都是由以下五种基本句型组合、扩展、变化而来的：
1）主 + 动（SV）例如：I work. 我工作。
2）主 + 动 + 表（SVP）例如：John is busy. 约翰忙。
3）主 + 动 + 宾（SVO）例如：She studies English. 她学英语。
4）主 + 动 + 宾 + 补（SVOC）例如：Time would prove me right. 时间会证明我是对的。
5）主 + 动 + 间宾 + 直宾（SVOiOd）例如：My mother made me a new dress. 我母亲给我做了一件新衣裳。
第二十二章 简单句和并列句
一.概念
(一)简单句
由一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)所构成的句子叫简单句，其结构是主语+ 谓语。
(二)并列句
由并列连词把两个或两个以上的互相关连而又互相独立的独句(即简单句)连在一起而构成的句子叫并列句。其结构是：简单句+并列连词+简单句
常用的连词有and, but, or not only...but also, neither...nor, either...or
二.相关知识点精讲
(一)简单句
1.主语、谓语在人称与数上的一致性。
and连接两个并列主语时为复数，谓语动词也相应地使用复数形式，但：
(1)如果and连接的两个名词是不可数名词且前面都没有冠词，若两个词表示一个事物或一个概念，谓语动词要用单数；如果两个词表示的是两个事物或两个概念，谓语动词则要用复数。
(2)如果and连接的是两个可数单数名词，前一个有冠词，后一个没有冠词，意味着一个人或 事物，谓语动词要用单数。
(3)当and连接的两个名词前都有each，every，many a，no等单数概念的限定词修饰时(第二个名词前的修饰词有时可以省略)，谓语动词要用单数。
2.陈述句与疑问句的转换。
3.选择疑问句。
4.反意疑问句。
(1)陈述句+省略问句
(2)祈使句+附加疑问句
(1) 反意疑问句的回答
(二)并列句
并列句分为:联合并列句,转折并列句,选择并列句和因果并列句
1. 联合并列句常由并列词and, not only...but also.....等连接
如: Use your hand, and you'll find a way.
2. 转折并列句常由并列连词but, while, yet, whereas, nevertheless等连接
如:I would love to have gone to the
注:2,3,4点内容不在这里介绍,讲参阅相关章节
party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.
3. 选择疑问句常由并列连词or, otherwise, either...or...,等连接
如:Either you leave this house or I'll call the police
4. 因果并列句由并列连词so, for, therefore 等连接.
如: it was late, so we went home.
5. 在"祈使句+and/or+陈述句"结构中,当前后两部分间为承接关系时,用and;前后意思为相反关系时,用or.可将前面的祈使句转换成由if引导的条件状语从句,但必须将and 或or 去掉.
如: Hurry up, and we'll be there in time.= If we hurry up, we'll be there in time.
6. because和so; although, though和but 不能连用
三.巩固练习
1. I don't suppose anyone will volunteer,＿＿＿?
A. do I B. don't I C. will they D. won't they
2. ＿＿＿help if you can, and our country will improve more quickly and better.
A. Giving B. Give C. Given D. To give
3.-- Lucy, you wash the dishes,＿＿＿ ?
-- Mom, can't Lily do it? It's her turn to do it.
A. don't you B. can you C. shall you D. will you
4. -- I will not take an umbrella with me today.
- ＿＿＿＿＿it rains later on in the day?
A. How B. What C. How about D. What if
5. -- You ought to stay up late tonight,＿＿＿＿ you?
-- Yes. I've got too much homework.
A. can't B. shouldn't C. mustn't D. won't
6. Nothing can stop us from serving the people heart and soul,＿＿＿＿?
A. can it B. can't it C. can they D. can't they
7. There used to be a church in the small town,＿＿＿＿＿?
A. used there B. usedn't there
C. used it D. usedn't it
8.-- She isn't your neighbour, is she?
-- ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿.
A. Yes, she isn't B. No, she is
C. Yes, she is D. No, isn't she
9.-- ＿＿＿＿＿＿ to be a PLA soldier when I was young.
-- And now you are.
A. How I wanted B. How did I want
C. What I wanted D. What did I want
10. Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase,＿＿＿＿was very reasonable.
A. which price B. the price of which
C. its price D. the price of that
11. After ten years, she changed a lot and looked different from＿＿＿she used to be.
A. that B. whom C. what D. who
12. ＿＿＿＿is known to everyone, the moon travels round the earth once every month.
A. It B. As C. That D. What
13. He's got himself into a dangerous situation＿＿＿he is likely to lose control over the plane.
A. where B. which C. while D. why
14. Information has been put forward＿＿＿more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.
A. while B. that C. when D. as
15. What the doctors really doubt is＿＿＿＿my mother will recover from the serious disease soon.
A. when B. how C. whether D. what
16. The students of the music school study ＿＿＿＿.
A. music but also some other subjects
B. some other subjects as well as music
C. music as well as some other subjects
D. some other subjects and music
17. ＿＿＿air is to man, so is water to fish.
A. Since B. Just C. Like D. As
18. There is plenty of rain in the south ＿＿ there is little in the north.
A. while B. as C. when D. so
19. ＿＿＿several times about it, but he could not give the correct answer.
A. Being asked B. Having been asked
C. He would ask D. He had been asked
20. -- I don't like chicken ＿＿＿ fish.
-- I don't like chicken,＿＿＿I like fish very much.
A. and； and B. and； but C. or； but D. or； and
21. ＿＿＿the days went on, the situation there got worse.
A. With B. Since C. While D. As
22. ＿＿＿everybody is here, let's set out right away.
A. Now that B. Because C. For D. After
23. The science of medicine,＿＿＿progress has been very rapid lately, is perhaps the most important of all the sciences.
A. to which B. in which C. which D. with which
24. We must do the experiment carefully ＿＿＿Miss Liu told us.
A. what B. since C. as D. while
25. Tony will never forget these days ＿＿＿she lived in China with her mother,＿＿＿has a great effect on her life.
A. that； which B. when； which
C. which； that D. when； that
26. ＿＿＿I know, they will go to Beijing to watch the Olympic Games in 2008.
A. Since B. So far as C. In case D. As if
27. Who do you think the doctor will have＿＿＿first, John or Kate?
A. examine B. to examine
C. examining D. examined
28. -- What are you anxious about?
-- ＿＿＿＿＿.
A. Whether we can succeed B. If we succeed
C. Do we succeed D. That we can succeed
29. You should put the dictionary ＿＿＿you can find it easily.
A. where B. the place
C. the place on which D. what
30. She said to me, "I'll tell you the result of the test＿＿＿I know it. "
A. because B. the moment C. after D. though
31. Grandpa used to tell us something about the "Cultural Revolution" ＿＿＿he had time to spare.
A. as soon as B. as C. so that D. whenever
32. Li Fang is very busy,＿＿＿she's always helping others with their lessons.
A. but B. although C. so D. for
33. Getting a right job can be difficult ＿＿＿the students＿＿＿ prepared to deal with the job interview.
A. if；won't B. unless；will
C. unless；are D. if；are
34. Everything depends on＿＿they will support you about it.
A. if B. which C. whether D. that
35. She won the first prize in the speech contest and＿＿＿ surprised us.
A. which B. it C. as D. who
36. The Oscar is one of the film prizes ＿＿offered to any Chinese actor or actress so far.
A. which is not B. that have not been
C. that has not D. that has not been
37. He made another wonderful discovery,＿＿＿ of great importance to science.
A. which I think is B. which I think it is
C. which I think it D. I think is
38. It's really very dangerous. One more step,＿＿＿the baby will fall into the well.
A. or B. so C. but D. and
39. She is American,＿＿＿ she knows little about American history.
A. so B. yet C. and D. therefore
40. Information technology is taught in most schools,＿＿＿we have entered the information society.
A. so B. while C. still D. for
41.-- Helen must obey her parents.
-- Oh, she must,＿＿ ?
A. must she B. mustn't she
C. shouldn't she D. should she
42. John must be in the chemistry lab,＿＿＿ ?
A. mustn't he B. needn't he
C. isn't he D. shouldn't he
43. It was quite a long time＿＿＿ I made it out what had happened.
A. after B. before C. when D. since
44. ＿＿the text a second time, the meaning will become clearer to you.
A. Read B. Reading
C. If reading D. When you read
45. ＿＿＿does he do his work well,＿＿＿ he helps others with their work.
A. Not only；but also B. Neither；nor
C. Either；or D. Both；and
46. ＿＿,so he didn't come to school last week.
A. Though he was ill B. Being ill
C. Having been ill D. He was ill
47. She tried every way ＿＿＿ she could find to solve the problem.
A. how B. in which C. that D. which
48. Lily has some idea ＿＿＿ she's going to be when she grows up.
A. what B. that C. as D. which
49. To play fair is as important as ＿＿＿＿,I think.
A. to play well B. play well
C. we play well D. playing well
50. ＿＿＿you go, you should bear the motherland in mind.
A. Where B. Whenever
C. However D. Wherever
四.答案
1-10 CBDDBABCAB 11-20 CBABCBDADC 21-30 DABCBBDAAB
31-40 DACCBBADBD 41-50 ACBDADCAAD
关键字:英语语法
生词表:
1.按使用目的，句子可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。
1）陈述句（Declarative Sentences）：说明一个事实或陈述一种看法。例如：
Light travels faster than sound. 光比声传播速度快。（说明事实）
The film is rather boring. 这部电影很乏味。（说明看法）
2）疑问句（Interrogative Sentences）：提出问题。有以下四种：
a. 一般疑问句（General Questions）：
Can you finish the work in time? 你能按时完成工作吗？
b. 特殊疑问句（Wh-Questions）：
Where do you live? 你住那儿？
c. 选择疑问句（Alternative Questions）：
Do you want tea or coffee? 你是要茶还是要咖啡？
d. 反意疑问句（Tag-Questions）：
He doesn't know her, does he? 他不认识她，对不对？
3）祈使句（Imperative Sentences）：提出请求，建议或发出命令。例如：
Don't be nervous! 别紧张！
4）感叹句（Exclamatory Sentences）：表示说话人惊奇、喜悦、愤怒等情绪。例如：
What good news it is! 多好的消息啊！
2.句子按其结构可以分为以下三类：
1）简单句（Simple Sentences）：只包含一个主谓结构句子叫简单句。例如：
She is fond of collecting stamps. 她喜欢集邮。
2）并列句（Compound Sentences）：包含两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子叫并列句，句与句之间通常用并列连词或分号来连接。例如：
The food was good, but he had little appetite. 食物很精美，但他却没什么胃口。
3）复合句（Complex Sentences）：包含一个主句和一个或几个从句的句子叫复合句，从句由从属连词引导。例如：
The film had begun when we got to the cinema. 我们到达电影院的时候，电影已经开演了。
3.基本句型：英语中千变万化的句子归根结底都是由以下五种基本句型组合、扩展、变化而来的：
1）主 + 动（SV）例如：I work. 我工作。
2）主 + 动 + 表（SVP）例如：John is busy. 约翰忙。
3）主 + 动 + 宾（SVO）例如：She studies English. 她学英语。
4）主 + 动 + 宾 + 补（SVOC）例如：Time would prove me right. 时间会证明我是对的。
5）主 + 动 + 间宾 + 直宾（SVOiOd）例如：My mother made me a new dress. 我母亲给我做了一件新衣裳。
第二十二章 简单句和并列句
一.概念
(一)简单句
由一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)所构成的句子叫简单句，其结构是主语+ 谓语。
(二)并列句
由并列连词把两个或两个以上的互相关连而又互相独立的独句(即简单句)连在一起而构成的句子叫并列句。其结构是：简单句+并列连词+简单句
常用的连词有and, but, or not only...but also, neither...nor, either...or
二.相关知识点精讲
(一)简单句
1.主语、谓语在人称与数上的一致性。
and连接两个并列主语时为复数，谓语动词也相应地使用复数形式，但：
(1)如果and连接的两个名词是不可数名词且前面都没有冠词，若两个词表示一个事物或一个概念，谓语动词要用单数；如果两个词表示的是两个事物或两个概念，谓语动词则要用复数。
(2)如果and连接的是两个可数单数名词，前一个有冠词，后一个没有冠词，意味着一个人或 事物，谓语动词要用单数。
(3)当and连接的两个名词前都有each，every，many a，no等单数概念的限定词修饰时(第二个名词前的修饰词有时可以省略)，谓语动词要用单数。
2.陈述句与疑问句的转换。
3.选择疑问句。
4.反意疑问句。
(1)陈述句+省略问句
(2)祈使句+附加疑问句
(1) 反意疑问句的回答
(二)并列句
并列句分为:联合并列句,转折并列句,选择并列句和因果并列句
1. 联合并列句常由并列词and, not only...but also.....等连接
如: Use your hand, and you'll find a way.
2. 转折并列句常由并列连词but, while, yet, whereas, nevertheless等连接
如:I would love to have gone to the
注:2,3,4点内容不在这里介绍,讲参阅相关章节
party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.
3. 选择疑问句常由并列连词or, otherwise, either...or...,等连接
如:Either you leave this house or I'll call the police
4. 因果并列句由并列连词so, for, therefore 等连接.
如: it was late, so we went home.
5. 在"祈使句+and/or+陈述句"结构中,当前后两部分间为承接关系时,用and;前后意思为相反关系时,用or.可将前面的祈使句转换成由if引导的条件状语从句,但必须将and 或or 去掉.
如: Hurry up, and we'll be there in time.= If we hurry up, we'll be there in time.
6. because和so; although, though和but 不能连用
三.巩固练习
1. I don't suppose anyone will volunteer,＿＿＿?
A. do I B. don't I C. will they D. won't they
2. ＿＿＿help if you can, and our country will improve more quickly and better.
A. Giving B. Give C. Given D. To give
3.-- Lucy, you wash the dishes,＿＿＿ ?
-- Mom, can't Lily do it? It's her turn to do it.
A. don't you B. can you C. shall you D. will you
4. -- I will not take an umbrella with me today.
- ＿＿＿＿＿it rains later on in the day?
A. How B. What C. How about D. What if
5. -- You ought to stay up late tonight,＿＿＿＿ you?
-- Yes. I've got too much homework.
A. can't B. shouldn't C. mustn't D. won't
6. Nothing can stop us from serving the people heart and soul,＿＿＿＿?
A. can it B. can't it C. can they D. can't they
7. There used to be a church in the small town,＿＿＿＿＿?
A. used there B. usedn't there
C. used it D. usedn't it
8.-- She isn't your neighbour, is she?
-- ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿.
A. Yes, she isn't B. No, she is
C. Yes, she is D. No, isn't she
9.-- ＿＿＿＿＿＿ to be a PLA soldier when I was young.
-- And now you are.
A. How I wanted B. How did I want
C. What I wanted D. What did I want
10. Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase,＿＿＿＿was very reasonable.
A. which price B. the price of which
C. its price D. the price of that
11. After ten years, she changed a lot and looked different from＿＿＿she used to be.
A. that B. whom C. what D. who
12. ＿＿＿＿is known to everyone, the moon travels round the earth once every month.
A. It B. As C. That D. What
13. He's got himself into a dangerous situation＿＿＿he is likely to lose control over the plane.
A. where B. which C. while D. why
14. Information has been put forward＿＿＿more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.
A. while B. that C. when D. as
15. What the doctors really doubt is＿＿＿＿my mother will recover from the serious disease soon.
A. when B. how C. whether D. what
16. The students of the music school study ＿＿＿＿.
A. music but also some other subjects
B. some other subjects as well as music
C. music as well as some other subjects
D. some other subjects and music
17. ＿＿＿air is to man, so is water to fish.
A. Since B. Just C. Like D. As
18. There is plenty of rain in the south ＿＿ there is little in the north.
A. while B. as C. when D. so
19. ＿＿＿several times about it, but he could not give the correct answer.
A. Being asked B. Having been asked
C. He would ask D. He had been asked
20. -- I don't like chicken ＿＿＿ fish.
-- I don't like chicken,＿＿＿I like fish very much.
A. and； and B. and； but C. or； but D. or； and
21. ＿＿＿the days went on, the situation there got worse.
A. With B. Since C. While D. As
22. ＿＿＿everybody is here, let's set out right away.
A. Now that B. Because C. For D. After
23. The science of medicine,＿＿＿progress has been very rapid lately, is perhaps the most important of all the sciences.
A. to which B. in which C. which D. with which
24. We must do the experiment carefully ＿＿＿Miss Liu told us.
A. what B. since C. as D. while
25. Tony will never forget these days ＿＿＿she lived in China with her mother,＿＿＿has a great effect on her life.
A. that； which B. when； which
C. which； that D. when； that
26. ＿＿＿I know, they will go to Beijing to watch the Olympic Games in 2008.
A. Since B. So far as C. In case D. As if
27. Who do you think the doctor will have＿＿＿first, John or Kate?
A. examine B. to examine
C. examining D. examined
28. -- What are you anxious about?
-- ＿＿＿＿＿.
A. Whether we can succeed B. If we succeed
C. Do we succeed D. That we can succeed
29. You should put the dictionary ＿＿＿you can find it easily.
A. where B. the place
C. the place on which D. what
30. She said to me, "I'll tell you the result of the test＿＿＿I know it. "
A. because B. the moment C. after D. though
31. Grandpa used to tell us something about the "Cultural Revolution" ＿＿＿he had time to spare.
A. as soon as B. as C. so that D. whenever
32. Li Fang is very busy,＿＿＿she's always helping others with their lessons.
A. but B. although C. so D. for
33. Getting a right job can be difficult ＿＿＿the students＿＿＿ prepared to deal with the job interview.
A. if；won't B. unless；will
C. unless；are D. if；are
34. Everything depends on＿＿they will support you about it.
A. if B. which C. whether D. that
35. She won the first prize in the speech contest and＿＿＿ surprised us.
A. which B. it C. as D. who
36. The Oscar is one of the film prizes ＿＿offered to any Chinese actor or actress so far.
A. which is not B. that have not been
C. that has not D. that has not been
37. He made another wonderful discovery,＿＿＿ of great importance to science.
A. which I think is B. which I think it is
C. which I think it D. I think is
38. It's really very dangerous. One more step,＿＿＿the baby will fall into the well.
A. or B. so C. but D. and
39. She is American,＿＿＿ she knows little about American history.
A. so B. yet C. and D. therefore
40. Information technology is taught in most schools,＿＿＿we have entered the information society.
A. so B. while C. still D. for
41.-- Helen must obey her parents.
-- Oh, she must,＿＿ ?
A. must she B. mustn't she
C. shouldn't she D. should she
42. John must be in the chemistry lab,＿＿＿ ?
A. mustn't he B. needn't he
C. isn't he D. shouldn't he
43. It was quite a long time＿＿＿ I made it out what had happened.
A. after B. before C. when D. since
44. ＿＿the text a second time, the meaning will become clearer to you.
A. Read B. Reading
C. If reading D. When you read
45. ＿＿＿does he do his work well,＿＿＿ he helps others with their work.
A. Not only；but also B. Neither；nor
C. Either；or D. Both；and
46. ＿＿,so he didn't come to school last week.
A. Though he was ill B. Being ill
C. Having been ill D. He was ill
47. She tried every way ＿＿＿ she could find to solve the problem.
A. how B. in which C. that D. which
48. Lily has some idea ＿＿＿ she's going to be when she grows up.
A. what B. that C. as D. which
49. To play fair is as important as ＿＿＿＿,I think.
A. to play well B. play well
C. we play well D. playing well
50. ＿＿＿you go, you should bear the motherland in mind.
A. Where B. Whenever
C. However D. Wherever
四.答案
1-10 CBDDBABCAB 11-20 CBABCBDADC 21-30 DABCBBDAAB
31-40 DACCBBADBD 41-50 ACBDADCAAD
关键字:英语语法
生词表:
- grandpa [´grænpɑ:]
n.爷爷；外公 四级词汇
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