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法语基础语法1

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In French, articles and determiners are required on almost every common noun, and are inflected to agree in gender (masculine or feminine) and number (singular or plural) with the noun they determine.
The Definite Article (定冠词)
 singularplural
before consonantbefore vowel/mute h
masculine
阳性		lel'les
feminine
阴性		la
Note: preposition contractions: à (to, at): au=à+le, aux=à+les; and de (of, from): du=de+le, des=de+les
The Indefinite Article (不定冠词)
masculine
阳性		undes
(some 一些)
feminine
阴性		une
Note: 1. The indefinite article becomes de (or d'+vowel) after a negative verb (except être): Je n'ai pas de livre. (I do not have any book.) 2. des+adjective+noun → de+...: de nombreux livres (many books), d'autres livres (other books)
The Partitive Article (部分冠词)
masculine
阳性		dude l'des
feminine
阴性		de la
Note: The partitive article indicates an unknown quantity of something, usually food or drink, e.g.,
Nous voudrions du lait. (We'd like some milk.) J'ai eu du mal. (It was tough. Note: J'ai eu mal = it hurt) J'ai mangé de la glace. (I ate some ice cream.)
The plural partitive article des refers to something plural uncountable: Peux-tu me donner des conseils ? (Could you give me some advice?)
The plural indefinite article des refers to more than one countable thing in an indefinite sense: Il a des livres intéressants. (He has some interesting books.) [Note: "quelques" means a few: quelques jours plus tard (a few days later)]
In a negative construction, use "de": Nous ne voudrions pas de lait. (We don't want any milk.) Je n'ai pas acheté de chaussettes. (I didn't buy any socks.)
Tips: 1) Jouer du, de la, des... + music instrument, e.g., il joue du piano. il joue de la guitare. 2) Jouer à l', à la, au, aux + sports/games, e.g., il joue aux cartes. il joue au foot.
Possessive determinersPossessed
singularplural
masculine nouns / before vowels/mute-h'sfeminine nouns starting with consonants
Possessorfirst personsingularmonmames
pluralnotrenos
second personsingulartontates
pluralvotrevos
third personsingularsonsases
pluralleurleurs
Examples: mon pays (my country), ma ville (my city), mes amis (my friends), notre gouvernement (our government), nos élections (our elections), C'est ma voiture. (This is my car.) Leurs fleurs sont jolies. (Their flowers are pretty.)
Demonstrative determiners:singular masculine: ce and cet (before vowel and mute h); singular feminine: cette; plural: ces
Examples: cet homme-ci (this man), cet homme-là (that man)

French Nouns

1. Every French noun has a grammatical gender, either masculine or feminine.
Typical Endings for Masculine Nouns
-eaule bateau (boat), le manteau (coat)
-ègele manège (merry go round), le collège (high school)
-éle café (coffee/café), le canapé (sofa), le supermarché (supermarket)
-mentle gouvernement (government), un abonnement (subscription)
-inle vin (wine), le magasin (shop), le jardin (garden)
-onle poisson (fish), le garçon (boy)
-sle bus (bus), le bas (bottom), le plus (plus)
Nouns ending in -b, -c, -cle, -d, -k, -l, -m, -oir, -p, -ing and -isme are typically masculine.
Typical Endings for Feminine Nouns
-e (-elle, -enne, -emme, -esse, -erre, -ette, -ence, -ance, -ale, -ace, -be, -ade, -ée, -erie, -ère, ique, -ine, -ise, -ure...)la chaussette (sock), la fillette (little girl), la terre (earth), la pelle (shovel), la patience, l'enfance (childhood), la glace (ice cream), la robe (dress), la promenade (walk), la fusée (rocket), la librairie (bookshop), l'épicerie (grocery), la mère (mother), la boutique, la musique (music), la cousine (cousin), la chaussure (shoe), une chemise de nuit (a night gown to go to bed), une robe du soir (a night gown to go out), la monnaie (small change), la madame (married), la mademoiselle (not married)
-sionla passion (passion), la repression (repression), prendre une décision (make a decision)
-tionla situation, la question, l'éducation, l'opération
Nouns of countries and proper names ending in -eMichèle, Paule, La France, l'Angleterre (England)
These endings are more often masculine than feminine:
-agele village (village), le garage (garage)
une image (picture), la plage (beach)
-ier/-erle fermier (farmer), le pommier (apple tree)
-eurle travailleur (worker), le moteur (motor)
-ole vélo (bike), le zéro (zero)
la méteo (weather forecast), la moto (motorbike)
Some nouns have two forms determined by their natural gender, e.g., chanteur (male singer), chanteuse (female singer)
US states are masculine, except for la Californie, la Caroline du Nord, la Caroline du Sud, la Floride, la Georgie, la Louisiane, La Pennsylvanie, La Virginie, La Virginie Occidentale, L'île d'Hawaï.
2. There are two grammatical numbers: singular and plural. The plural noun is usually formed from the singular by adding the suffix -s, or sometimes -x. For example, nuits→nuits (night), bateau→bateaux (boat), des jumeaux (boy twins), des jumelles (girl twins)


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