medicine-men of the Paiutes.
Where the lot falls when the campoodie chooses a medicine-man
there it rests. It is an honor a man seldom seeks but must wear,
an honor with a condition. When three patients die under his
ministrations, the medicine-man must yield his life and his office.
Wounds do not count; broken bones and
bullet holes the Indian can
understand, but measles,
pneumonia, and
smallpox are
witchcraft. Winnenap' was medicine-man for fifteen years. Besides
considerable skill in healing herbs, he used his prerogatives
cunningly. It is permitted the medicine-man to decline the case
when the patient has had
treatment from any other, say the white
doctor, whom many of the younger
generationconsult. Or, if before
having seen the patient, he can
definitely refer his
disorder to
some supernatural cause
wholly out of the medicine-man's
jurisdiction, say to the spite of an evil spirit going about in the
form of a
coyote, and states the case convincingly, he may avoid
the
penalty. But this must not be pushed too far. All else
failing, he can hide. Winnenap' did this the time of the measles
epidemic. Returning from his
yearly herb
gathering, he heard of it
at Black Rock, and turning aside, he was not to be found, nor did
he return to his own place until the disease had spent itself, and
half the children of the campoodie were in their
shallow graves
with beads sprinkled over them.
It is possible the tale of Winnenap''s patients had not been
strictly kept. There had not been a medicine-man killed in the
valley for twelve years, and for that the perpetrators had been
severely punished by the whites. The winter of the Big Snow an
epidemic of
pneumonia carried off the Indians with scarcely a
warning; from the lake
northward to the lava flats they died in the
sweathouses, and under the hands of the medicine-men. Even
the drugs of the white
physician had no power.
After two weeks of this
plague the Paiutes drew to council to
consider the remissness of their medicine-men. They were sore with
grief and afraid for themselves; as a result of the council, one in
every campoodie was
sentenced to the ancient
penalty. But
schooling and native shrewdness had raised up in the younger men an
unfaith in old usages, so judgment halted between
sentence and
execution. At Three Pines the government teacher brought out
influential whites to
threaten and cajole the
stubborn tribes. At
Tunawai the conservatives sent into Nevada for that
pacific old
humbug, Johnson Sides, most
notable of Paiute orators, to harangue
his people. Citizens of the towns turned out with food and
comforts, and so after a season the trouble passed.
But here at Maverick there was no school, no
oratory, and no
alleviation. One third of the campoodie died, and the rest killed
the medicine-men. Winnenap' expected it, and for days walked and
sat a little apart from his family that he might meet it as became
a Shoshone, no doubt
suffering the agony of dread deferred. When
finally three men came and sat at his fire without greeting he knew
his time. He turned a little from them, dropped his chin upon his
knees, and looked out over Shoshone Land,
breathing evenly. The
women went into the wickiup and covered their heads with
their blankets.
So much has the Indian lost of savageness by merely desisting
from killing, that the executioners braved themselves to their work
by drinking and a show of quarrelsomeness. In the end a sharp
hatchet-stroke discharged the duty of the campoodie. Afterward his
women buried him, and a warm wind coming out of the south, the
force of the disease was broken, and even they acquiesced in the
wisdom of the tribe. That summer they told me all except the names
of the Three.
Since it appears that we make our own heaven here, no doubt we
shall have a hand in the heaven of
hereafter; and I know what
Winnenap''s will be like: worth going to if one has leave to live
in it according to his
liking. It will be tawny gold underfoot,
walled up with jacinth and jasper,
ribbed with chalcedony, and yet
no hymnbook heaven, but the free air and free spaces of Shoshone
Land.
JIMVILLE
A BRET HARTE TOWN
When Mr. Harte found himself with a fresh palette and his