上述两种结构可用下列方法区分：可改成"sb . + be to do"意义成立时用"of sb . to do sth . "，改成"sb . + be to do"意义不通时用"for sb . to do。"如上例中可改为：

　　　　He is foolish to lend her so much money . (成立)

　　　　We are necessary to learn a second foreign language . (不成立)

　　　　※ 分词的逻辑主语(独立主格结构)

　　　　The meeting ____ over , we all left the room and drove home .

　　　　A . is B . to be C . being D . would be

　　　　Lit by countless lights , ____ .

　　　　A . We find the hall very beautiful B . many of the people admire the hall

　　　　C . the hall is as bright as the day D . children entered the hall

　　　　____ , they will go and visit the zoo .

　　　　A . Weather permitting B . Weather permitted

　　　　C . Weather being permitted D . Weather having permitted

　　　　［分析］答案依次为C、C、A。

　　　　〖思维三〗分词的逻辑主语(独立主格结构) 有三种主要形式：

　　　　1 . 当主句主语不是分词的逻辑主语时，分词短语必须有自己的逻辑主语。如：

　　　　Tom being late , the teacher got angry .

　　　　(the teacher 不是 being 的逻辑主语，故分词短语 being late 要有自己的逻辑主语)

　　　　The signal given , we started the car .

　　　　注意一：动名词的复合结构作主语时，逻辑主语不能用名词的普通格或代词的主格，分词的复合结构不能用所有格。试对比：

　　　　Rose's failing in the exam surprised every one of us . (不可改为 Rose)

　　　　Rose failing in the exam , every one of us was surprised . (不可改为 Rose's)

　　　　He playing tricks on the child , the child got angry . (不可改为 his)

　　　　His playing tricks on the child made the child angry . (不可改为 him)

　　　　注意二：如果主句的主语也是分词短语的逻辑主语，该分词短语不得再带任何主语，如：

　　　　Seeing his parents , the boy couldn't help crying .

　　　　Swept by the students , the hall looks wider and bigger .

　　　　2 . with 构成的复合结构

　　　　The murderer was brought in , with his hands ____ behind his back .

　　　　A . being tied B . having tied C . to be tied D . tied

　　　　［分析］答案为D。

　　　　with 构成的复合结构，逻辑主语后可有下列形式：

　　　　with + 宾语 + 现在分词 (现在分词表主动)

　　　　In parts of Asia you must not sit with your feet pointing at another person .

　　　　with + 宾语 + 过去分词 (过去分词表被动)

　　　　He sat there with his eyes fixed on the blackboard .

　　　　with + 宾语 + 不定式 (表将要发生的动作)

　　　　I can't work with you to turn on the radio .

　　　【 动手动脑 】

　　　　单元能力立体检测

　　　　请填入适当的冠词：

　　　　1 . I learned the news of Mr Rabin's death on ______ radio , not on ______ TV .

　　　　2 . The little girl went into the kitchen with _____ knife and _____ fork .

　　　　3 . Would you please go to _____ cinema with me?

　　　　4 . The camera was made in _____ United States of America .

　　　　5 . I'm tired of city life . I'll go to _____ country for a few days .

　　　　6 . US Secretary of State Warren Christopher will travel to _____ Middle East next Monday .

　　　　7 . _____ Hague ( 海牙 ) is the capital of _____ Netherlands .

　　　　8 . Let me buy you _____ drink .

　　　　9 . Do you know who invented _____ electric light?

　　　　10 . We must try our best to be useful to _____ society .

　　　　11 . She loves _____ music of the seventeenth century .

　　　　12 . I love _____ music and _____ photography .

　　　　13 . He was elected as _____ President of France in 1995 .

　　　　14 . Charlie Chaplin wanted to be _____ tragedy actor but he became _____ comedy actor instead .

　　　　15 . What _____ nice weather it is today!

　　　　答案及简析：

　　　　1 . the , ×：在 radio 前应用定冠词 the，但在 TV 前则不用冠词。 2 . ×，×：当介词引导或连词连接两个对称结构时，此结构名称前都不用冠词，如 day after day、arm in arm、from top to bottom、with hat and coat。 3 . the：习惯上在 cinema , theatre 前要用 the。 4 . the：国名前一般不用冠词，如 in China，但当国名中含有普通名词时要用 the，题中 states 为普通名词，又如 the People's Republic of China。 5 . the：在 country ( 乡村 ) 、seaside ( 海滨 ) 、mountains ( 山区 ) 等前习惯上用 the。 6 . the：在某些地名前用 the，如：the Atlantic、the Sahara ( 撒哈拉沙漠 ) 、the Holiday Inn ( 假日饭店 ) 等。 7 . The , the：这是一个非常特殊的情况，与4不同，荷兰国名及首都名前要用 the。 8 . a : 用 a 表示泛指。a drink 表示一杯饮料。 9 . the：用 the 将 electric light 具体化，在谈论科技项目时常用 the 又如：Is it Ford that invented the car? 10 . ×：当 society 含义为"我们生活的这个社会"时，其前不用冠词。 11 . the：因为原句特指17世纪音乐，故须用定冠词 the。 12 . ×，×：这里泛指 music、photography。 13 . ×：独一无二的职务名称前一般不用任何冠词，又如：John was elected monitor of our class。He's president of Beijing University . 但此规则只适用于职务名称作补语的情况，若其作主语则不然，例：The President of the USA , Bill Clinton visited New York yesterday . 14 . a , a：在表示职业的名称前不能省去冠词 ( 与 B 比较 ) 。 15 . ×：what 引导的感叹句中如为可数名词，不能省略不定冠词，如：What a beautiful girl!但此句中 weather 为不可数名词，其前不能用不定冠词。

　　【 创新园地 】

　　　　请你根据下面所提供的内容，为墙报写一篇题为"My Devoted ( 忠实的 ) Friend-Books"的稿件。字数：110左右。

　　　　1 . 我五岁时，父母亲给我买了很多图画书。

　　　　2 . 书激起了我对一切的兴趣，我与书交了朋友。

　　　　3 . 书使我懂得了很多，它告诉我什么是好，什么是坏；它教我如何与别人很好相处。

　　　　4 . 当我学习落后感到失望时，它使我充满信心 ( confidence ) 。

　　　　5 . 总而言之，书使愚蠢的人聪明，使胆小的 ( coward ) 人勇敢，使聪明的人更聪明。

　　　　请同学们把你写好的答案反馈给我们。

　　　　My Devoted Friend-Books

　　　　When I was a boy of five , my parents bought me a lot of picture - books . The moving stories aroused my great interest in the world around us . From then on I began to make friends with good books .

　　　　As time went on , I came to know a lot of things . It is the books that teach me how to get on well with others . And it is the books that tell me it is good to love others and it is bad for one to think only of oneself .

　　　　I once fell behind in my studies and felt disappointed . Again it was the books that gave me courage and confidence .

　　　　In a word , books make a foolish bright , a coward man brave and a bright man wiser .

　　【 同步题库 】

　　　　一、单项选择

　　　　1 . They lived _____ .

　　　　A . happy B . happy life C . a happy life D . happy lives

　　　　2 . You'd better _____ early at the station _____ getting a ticket .

　　　　A . arrive ; to make sure of B . to arrive ; make us

　　　　C . get ; to be sure of D . reach ; to be sure about

　　　　3 . All the beauty _____ loved by people , whether _____ or _____ .

　　　　A . are ; old ; young B . is ; the old ; young

　　　　C . is ; old ; young D . have been ; the old , the young

　　　　4 . They got home ______ last night , _____ , early this morning .

　　　　A . lately ; or B . late ; or rather

　　　　C . lately ; otherwise D . late ; however

　　　　5 . _____ the sound of the gun , the first runner ______ from their ______ points .

　　　　A . On ; began ; start B . Though ; ran ; started

　　　　C . At ; shot ; starting D . With , started ; beginning

　　　　6 . It's very cold today . His nose ______ red ______ cold .

　　　　A . turns ; with B . becomes ; on C . gets ; at D . makes ; through

　　　　7 . ______ morning exercises will do good _____ your health .

　　　　A . To do ; for B . Do ; to C . Doing ; for D . Doing ; to

　　　　8 . Fortunately he was not ______ , _____ his leg _____ in the terrible accident .

　　　　A . hurt ; and ; broken B . killed ; but had ; injured

　　　　C . killed ; or had ; hurting D . hurt ; but had ; injuring

　　　　9 . Have the _____ sticks _____ while they are sleeping , or they _____ here .

　　　　A . lighted ; burning ; will feel cold

　　　　B . lit ; burned ; will feel very cold

　　　　C . burned ; lighting ; will have cold

　　　　D . lighting ; burning ; will catch cold

　　　　10 . Doctors _____ him _____ any more _____ he had to give up _____ his illness .

　　　　A . advised ; not to smoke ; and ; smoking because of

　　　　B . persuaded ; not to smoke ; and ; smoking because of

　　　　C . tried to persuade ; not smoke ; but ; treating

　　　　D . persuaded ; don't smoke ; but ; getting rid of

　　　　11 . The boy , _____ by the noble , died a few days ______ .

　　　　A . having been wounded ; late B . wounding ; late

　　　　C . wounded ; later D . being wounded ; after

　　　　12 . Even during the Spring Festival , she _____ her new book .

　　　　A . was kept busy working at B . kept busy working for

　　　　C . kept working for D . worked at

　　　　13 . After _____ the whole affair , he _____ prison .

　　　　A . writing down ; was put in the B . disclosing ; was put in

　　　　C . described ; was thrown into D . giving an account of ; was sent to the

　　　　14 . _____ by the police , the prisoner did not escape _____ .

　　　　A . To be surrounded ; to be caught B . Surrounding ; to run away

　　　　C . Being surrounding ; being run away D . Surrounded ; being caught

　　　　15 . "I wonder whether you would mind _____ me a favour" .

　　　　"_______ . "

　　　　A . to do ; Yes , of course B . doing ; Not at all

　　　　C . to do ; Yes , I'm glad to D . doing ; No , I'm sorry I can

　　　　二、完形填空

　　　　Charles Dickens

　　　　Charles Dickens was ( 1 ) of the greatest writers of England . He was born ( 2 ) the 7th of February , 1812 . His father was a clerk in the city ( 3 ) Portsmouth . There Charles first 　went to school .

　　　　In 1812 the family ( 4 ) to London , where his father ( 5 ) and was put in ( 6 ) . The whole family went to live there . For many years the ( 7 ) building of the prison was the family's home . When Charles was only ten years old , he ( 8 ) school and began a lonely and hard struggle with poverty . In order to ( 9 ) the family he ( 10 ) at a factory . He worked from early morning ( 11 ) late at night . He was so unhappy there ( 12 ) years latter he could never speak of the time spent at the factory without pain .

　　　　Many years ( 13 ) before Charles returned to school . When he graduated , he became a reporter of ( 14 ) newspaper in London . The work of a reporter led him to ( 15 ) . In 1836 , when only ( 16 ) of age , Charles Dickens wrote his first book , which made him known ( 17 ) in England and in some other countries . From that time ( 18 ) Charles Dickens devoted himself to literature . Among his best known books ( 19 ) "Hard Times" , "David Copperfield"and "Donbey and Son" , all reflecting and criticizing his age . ( 20 ) a deep sympathy for the labouring people of his time , he wrote about them in ( 21 ) of his books , about their misfortunes and their longings for a better ( 22 ) . He also gave us a true picture of the unhappy life of the children in the ( 23 ) . It is this criticism of the vices ( 罪恶 ) of the capitalist system ( 24 ) makes his books so important although he did not call for active struggle ( 25 ) the ruling class .

　　　　1 . A . the B . a C . one D . an

　　　　2 . A . on B . in C . at D . by

　　　　3 . A . in B . with C . between D . of

　　　　4 . A . flew B . moved C . travelled D . arrived

　　　　5 . A . ran off debt B . ran into debt C . ran for debt D . ran in the debt

　　　　6 . A . a prison B . the prison C . prison D . hotel

　　　　7 . A . dark B . bright C . white D . black

　　　　8 . A . had left B . had left for C . had to leave D . had been left

　　　　9 . A . leave B . break away from C . not live in D . help

　　　　10 . A . went working B . went to work C . went with work D . went on working

　　　　11 . A . till B . to C . towards D . toward

　　　　12 . A . when B . which C . what D . that

　　　　13 . A . past B . pasted C . passed D . passing

　　　　14 . A . the B . a C . an D . one

　　　　15 . A . live in his office B . write articles for the newspaper

　　　　C . story - writing D . be a rich man

　　　　16 . A . twenty - four years B . twenty - four - years

　　　　C . twenty - four year D . twenty four year

　　　　17 . A . either B . all C . neither D . both

　　　　18 . A . of B . in C . on D . by

　　　　19 . A . were B . was C . are D . is

　　　　20 . A . having B . having been C . has being D . has been

　　　　21 . A . little B . few C . much D . many

　　　　22 . A . lives B . life C . leave D . live

　　　　23 . A . work shop B . workship C . workhouse D . housework

　　　　24 . A . that B . which C . what D . who

　　　　25 . A . to B . without C . with D . against

　　　　三、阅读理解

　　　　Why Did the Bastille Fall?

　　　　Why did the fall of the Bastille lead to the surrender of the Monarchy ( 君主政权 ) and the victory of the French Revolution? The fall of the Bastille was brought about because the 　soldiers guarding it refused to fight the people . Three weeks before two companies of the Garde Francaise had refused to go on duty . Four days later , other soldiers joined the citizens , saying they would never fight the people of Paris . And seventy - five members of the Swiss Guard went over to Revolution just before the Bastille was destroyed .

　　　　So de Launay surrendered because his men inside refused to fight . He knew he would get no help from the army outside . So the Bastille fell because te army in Paris joined the citizens , and not because of the bravery of the attackers . Its fall showed the people that the army was with them . From the day it fell , the Monarchy had no choice but to give in .

　　　　1 . The Bastille fell because _____ .

　　　　A . of the bravery of the attackers B . the army would not help de Launay

　　　　C . the soldiers guarding it refused to fight D . the officials gave up

　　　　2 . The Monarchy was destroyed _____ .

　　　　A . because the Bastille fell

　　　　B . because people fought against it

　　　　C . without the help from its army both inside and outside

　　　　D . because de Launay surrendered

　　　　3 . The story mainly explains _____ .

　　　　A . how the army took action B . why the French Revolution won

　　　　C . how de Launay gave up D . why the Bastille fell

　　　　4 . The following sentences tell how the Bastille fell . Which is the right order of the events?

　　　　a . Some of the Swixx Guard members changed their stands and took the side of the Revolution .

　　　　b . Two companies of soldiers were not willing to be on watch .

　　　　c . De Lanuay had to surrender .

　　　　d . Other soldiers stood with the citizens .

　　　　e . The soldiers guarding it refused to fight the people .

　　　　A . d - c - a - e - b B . e - b - d - a - c

　　　　C . e - d - a - c - b D . b - d - c - a - f

　　　　5 . What's the writer's attitude ( 态度 ) towards the problem?

　　　　A . He was against the people . B . He was on the side of the people .

　　　　C . He did not care for the matter . D . He sided with de Launay .

　　　　四、补全对话

　　　　M : You don't look happy , Cathy . ( 1 ) ?

　　　　C : I didn't do well in the chemistry test .

　　　　M : Really? I could hardly believe you were not doing well in chemistry . I know ( 2 ) . What happened this time?

　　　　C : ( 3 ) . I found all the questions quite easy and I finished the test in no time .

　　　　M : Yes . It is one of your weaknesses .

　　　　C : Yes . ( 4 ) . I made some very stupid mistakes that I shouldn't have made .

　　　　M : Well , next time ( 5 ) .

　　　　C : Yes , I've certainly learned a lesson .

　　　　A . You are very good at chemistry

　　　　B . What's wrong

　　　　C . I was too careless

　　　　D . you should be more careful

　　　　E . you're right

　　　　F . I feel angry at it

　　　　G . I don't know

　　　　五、单词拼写

　　　　1 . One day the man got into the _____ ( 城堡 ) in a farmer's cart .

　　　　2 . This story is about what a _______ ( 革命者 ) did in 1789 .

　　　　3 . The old man lived in a poor d ______ in Paris .

　　　　4 . Word came that Dr Manette was still a _____ and was living in Paris .

　　　　5 . _____ ( 奇怪地 ) , they looked as if they were twins , for they looked so much like each 　other .

　　　　6 . The peasants had to pay heavy t _____ and suffered a great deal from hunger .

　　　　7 . What did Dr Manette d _____ in his letter which had been hidden behind a stone in the prison?

　　　　8 . He was a sick man , m _____ and physically .

　　　　9 . I had thought Mary would be ______ ( 失望 ) , but fortunately she seemed not to mind .

　　　　10 . The police are trying to find out the cause of the ______ ( 死 ) of the young man .

　　　　答案：一、1-5 C A C B C 6-10 A D B A B 11-15 C A B D B 二、1-5 C A D B B 6-10 C D C B B 11-15 A D C B C 16-20 A D C C A 21-25 D B C A D 三、1-5 C A D C B B 四、1-5 B A C E D 五、1 . castle 2 . revolutionary 3 . district 4 . alive 5 . strangely 6 . taxes 7 . describe 8 . mentally 9 . disappointed 10 . death