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start symbol
The start symbol of a grammar is a another name for the "distinguished non-terminal" of the grammar. Details at context-free grammar. The start symbol of most NLP grammars is S (for sentence).
statistical NLP
A group of techniques relying on mathematicalstatistics and used in NLP to, for example, find the most likely lexical categories or parses for a sentence. Often the techniques are based on frequency information collected by analysing very large corpora of sentences in a single language, to find out, for example, how many times a particular word (dog, perhaps) has been used with a particular part of speech. The sentences in the corpus have usually been tagged in some way (sometimes manually) so that the information about the part of speech each time each word is used, is known. Sometimes the sentences are hand-parsed, as well (a treebank).
See chapter 7 in Allen, and also Bayes' rule, bigram, trigram, n-gram, conditional probability, statistical independence, Hidden Markov Model, and Viterbi algorithm
stem
= bound morpheme.
string
A "string over an alphabet A" means a sequence of symbols taken from the alphabet A, where by alphabet we mean just a set of symbols that we are using in a similar way to the way that we use, say, the Latin alphabet to make up words. Thus a word (in English) is a string over the alphabet {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, v, w, x, y, z} (plus arguably a few other items like hyphen and apostrophe). A construct like "ART ADJ NOUN" is a string over an alphabet that includes the symbols ART, ADJ, and NOUN. Similarly "NP of NP" is a string (over some alphabet that includes the symbols "NP" and "of") that has two non-terminal symbols and one terminalsymbol (namely "of").
structural ambiguity
A form of ambiguity in which what is in doubt is the syntactic structure of the sentence or fragment of language in question. An example of pure structural ambiguity is "old men and women" which is ambiguous in that it is not clear whether the adjective old applies to the women or just to the men. Frequently structural ambiguity occurs in conjunction with word-sense ambiguity, as in "the red eyes water" which could signify "the communist looks at water":
s(np(art(the), n(red)), vp(v(eyes), np(n(water))))
or alternatively "the reddened eyes drip tear fluid"
s(np(art(the), adj(red), n(eyes)), vp(v(water)))
See also referential ambiguity.
subcat
The name for the feature used to record the subcategorization of a verb or adjective.
subcategorization
Verbs and some adjectives admit complement structures. They are said to subcategorize the structures that they can be followed by. For example, some verbs can be followed by two noun phrases (like Jack gave Mary food), some by at most one (like Jack kicked the dog), and some by none (like Jack laughed). We would record this by saying that the verbs have subcat np_np, or subcat np, or subcat none. Further examples are shown below (taken from Figures 4.2 and 4.4 in Allen:
Value | Example Verb | Example of Use |
none | laugh | Jack laughed |
np | find | Jack found a key |
np_np | give | Jack gave Sue the paper |
vp:inf | want | Jack wants to fly |
np_vp:inf | tell | Jack told the man to go |
vp:ing | keep | Jack keeps hoping for the best |
np_vp:ing | catch | Jack caught Sam looking at his desk |
np_vp:base | watch | Jack watched Sam look at his desk |
np_pp:to | give | Jack gave the key to the man |
pp:loc | be | Jack is at the store |
np_pp:loc | put | Jack put the box in the corner |
pp_mot | go | Jack went to the store |
np_pp:mot | take | Jack took the hat to the party |
adjp | be, seem | Jack is happy |
np_adjp | keep | Jack kept the dinner hot |
s:that | believe | Jack believed that sharks wear wedding rings |
s:for | hope | Jack hoped for Mary to eat the pizza. |
Notice that several verbs (give be keep) among the examples have more than one subcat. This is not unusual. As an example of subcategorization by adjectives, notice that "Freddo was happy to be a frog" is OK, so happy subcategorizes vp:inf, but "Freddo was green to ..." cannot be completed in any way, so green does not subcategorize vp:inf.
subject
The subject of a sentence is the noun phrase that appears before the verb in a declarative English sentence. For example, in The cat sat on the mat, The cat is the subject. In The mat was sat on, The mat is the subject. Subject noun phrases can be arbitrarily long and complex, and may not look like "typical" noun phrases. For example, in Surfing the net caused him to fail his course, the subject is surfing the net. [Please excuse the subliminal message.]
subjunctive
A subjunctive sentence is an embedded sentence that expresses a proposition that is counterfactual (not true), such as "If John were to eat more pizza, he would make himself sick", as opposed to a Y/N-question, a WH-question, a command, or a statement. As can be seen from the example, the subjunctive form of a verb resembles the past form in modern English, even though it frequently refers to a possible future action or state (as in our example). The past forms of some modals (e.g. "should", "would" which were originally the past forms of verbs "shall" and "will") are used for little else in modern English.
See also Y/N-question, WH-question, imperative, indicative, and mood.
substitutivity
See failure of substitutivity.
surface speech act
This term refers to analysing the type of sentence into standard syntactic categories - assertion, command, and the two kinds of question: yes/no-questions and wh-questions. See Allen p. 250.
To be contrasted with (pragmatic) speech acts.
syllepsis
A figure of speech in which a single word appears to be in the same relationship to two others, but must be understood in a different sense with each of the two other words (the "pair"). See also zeugma. I'm leaving for greener pastures and ten days.
One of a couple of dozen little-used terms for figures of speech.
syntax
Syntax means the rules of language that primarily concern the form of phrases and sentences, as distinct from the substructure of words (see morphology) or the meaning of phrases and sentences in or out of context (see pragmatics and semantics).
systemic grammar
An alternative approach to linguistic grammar, driven from the functional (rather than the structural) end of language. Not covered in COMP9414. See p.95 (Box 4.3) in Allen.
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