But what many fail to realize is that language and culture are linked. Without one, the other dies, and so with the death of different languages we have the death of different cultures. The extinction of languages is equal to animal extinction in this respect. The fading away of a language, no matter how small, causes real damage to the "ecological balance" in the field of culture.??















TEXT I







First read the questions. ?







35. The work of Project Manager is chiefly concerned with ____.?







A.emergency relief programmes B.agricultural rehabilitation?







C.helicopter assisted surveys D.strategic planning ?















36. The working contract is offered on a ____ basis.?







A.two-month B.twenty-monty C.ten-month D.twelve-month ?







Now go through TEXT I quickly to answer questions 35 and 36. ??







Project Manager?







AGRICULTURAL REHABILITATION PROJECT, NORTHERN ETHIOPIA?







SCF started work in Ethiopia in 1973 with an emergency relief programme in response to the famine of that year. Since then SCF has been involved in a range of longer-term relief and development programmes to secure lasting benefits for children.?







As a result of a helicopter assisted survey undertaken in the northem highlands of Ethiopia in 2000, SCF has been involved in a number of interventions aimed at engaging with the agricultural sector in order to promote food security in the most vulnerable areas of North Wollo.?







As Project Manager your key task will be to manage, promote and develop all SCF's activities in the agriculture / livestock and natural resources sectors in Wollo. You will also play a major role in developing policy at national level.?







To meet the challenge of this exciting new post you will need a relevant post graduate qualification; substantial experience in managing agricultural development projects in Africa with an emphasis on providing institutional support to the capacity of extension services while prompting farmer participation; ability to think and plan strategically; proven team management skills; report writing and financial skills; willingness to travel extensively and live and work in an isolated location.?







This post is offered on a twelve-month contract with a salary of ￡ 19 294(normally tax-free). You can also expect a generous benefits package including all flights and reasonable living and accommodation expenses.?







For further details and an application form please apply with CV to Jenny Thomas, Overseas Personnel Administrator, SCF, 17 Grove Lane, London SE5 8RD?







Closing date: 30th November 2001.















TEXT J







First read the questions. ?







37. Who have found a protein called M2??







A.Scientists from a Belgium University. B.Drug-makers in Belgium.?







C.Doctors in a Belgium hospital. D.It is not mentioned. ?















38. How many causes of bad breath does the passage cite??







A.One. B.Two. C.Three. D.Four. ?







Now go through TEXT J quickly to answer questions 37 and 38. ??







The Common Cold??







The conventional wisdom says no, but by mid-century that assessment-along with the sniffles-may well be ancient history. Colds are considered incurable today because it would take months to come up with a vaccine for every new strain. That's fine for the flu, which breeds in animals and only jumps over to humans every year or two. But colds mutate even while they're infecting you, and new strains pop up so often that by the time drug-makers create a vaccine against one variation, the serum is already out of date.?







The flu may yet point the way toward a cold cure though. Scientists at the University of Ghent, in Belgium, have found a protein called M2 that seems to be present in virtually every flu strain known to man. Using that knowledge, they have made a vaccine that they think could protect against all flus-old, new and those not yet in existence.?







If a similar protein is found in cold viruses-a protein that's present no matter what strain is involved-then it is possible that by 2025 or so, children could be getting a universal cold vaccine. And then they will have to listen to us old geezers reminsice about the days when we used to carry a small white cloth called a handerchief.?







Bad Breath??







Afraid not. Bad breath isn't an illness; it's merely a symptom of something else. In some cases, the something else really is an illness-some kidneydisorder or an infection. Infections can usually be cured, and if you're suffering from an incurable one or from another serious condition, bad breath is the least of your problems.?







Another cause is foods like onions or garlic, in which case you're out of luck: essential oils from such foods get into the blood, then into the lungs, then out with each exhaled breath. Even in the 21st century, if you want the flavour, you risk disflavour.?







The most common reason for bad breath, though, is, to put it delicately, food molecules rotting in the mouth. Mouthwash masks te smell, but ultimately you have to get rid of the stuff. Brushing removes larger particles, but dentists suggest brushing the back of the tongue as well, where food residues and bacteriacongregate. The microscopic bits that remain must be flushed down by drink or saliva. But if you're waiting for a true cure, it won't happen until we eat all our food in pill form. In other words, don't hold you breath.??















TEXT K







First read the questions. ?







39. When did Moore receive his first commission??







A.In 1948. B.In 1946. C.In 1931. D.In 1928. ?















40. Where did Moore win his first international prize??







A.In London. B.In Venice. C.In New York. D.In Hamburg. ?







Now go through TEXT K quickly to answer questions 39 and 40. ??







Henry Moore, the seventh of eight children of Raymond Spencer Moore and his wife Mary, was born in Yorkshire on 30 July 1898. After graduating from secondary school, Moore taught for a short while. Then the First World War began and he enlisted in the army at the age of eighteen. After the war he applied for and received an ex-serviceman's grant to attend Leeds School of Art. At the end of his second year he won a scholarship to the Royal College of Art in London.?







In 1928 Moore met Irina Radesky, a painting student at the college, whom he married a year later. The couple then moved into a house which consisted of a small ground-floor studio with an equally small flat above. This remained their London home for ten years.?







Throughout the 1920's Moore was involved in the art life of London. His first commission, received in 1928, was to produce a sculpture relief for the newly opened headquarters of London Transport. His first one-manexhibition opened at the Warren Gallery in 1928; it was followed by a show at the Leicester Galleries in 1931 and his first sale to a gallery abroad-the Museum fur Kunst und Gewerbe in Hamburg. His success continued.?







In 1946 Moore had his first foreign retrospective exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art, New York. In 1948 he won the International Sculpture Prize at the 24th Venice Biennale, the first of countless international accolades acquired in succeeding years. At the same time sales of Moore's work around the world increased, as did the demand for his exhibitions. By the end of 1970's the number of exhibitions had grown to an average of forty a year, ranging from the very small to major international retrospectives taking years years of detailed planning and preparation.?







The main themes in Moore's work included the mother and child, the earliest work created in 1922, and the reclining figure dating from 1926. At the end of the 1960's came stringed figures based on mathematical models observed in the Science Museum, and the first helmet head, a subject that later developed into the internal-external theme-variously interpreted as a hard form covering a soft, like a mother protecting her child or a foetus inside a womb.?







A few years before his death in 1986 Moore gave the estate at Perry Green with its studios, houses and cottages to the Trustees of the Henry Moore Foundation to promote sculpture and the fine arts within the cultural life of the country and in particular the works of Henry Moore.??















试卷二 (120 min)?















Part ⅣTranslation (60 min)







SECTION A CHINESE TO ENGLISH?







Translate the following text into English. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET THREE.??







在得病以前，我受父母宠爱，在家中横行霸道，一旦隔离，拘禁在花园山坡上一幢小房子里，顿感被打入冷宫，十分郁郁不得志起来。一个春天的傍晚，园中百花怒放，父母在园中设宴，霎时宾客云集，笑语四溢。我在山坡的小屋里，悄悄掀起窗帘，窥见园中大千世界，一片喧闹。自己的哥姐，堂表弟兄，也穿插其间，个个喜气洋洋。一霎时，一阵被人摈弃，为世所遗忘的悲愤兜上心头，禁不住痛哭起来。??







SECTION B ENGLISH TO CHINESE?







Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET THERR.?







In his classic novel, "The Pioneers", James Fenimore Cooper has his hero, a land developer, with his cousin on a tour of the city he is building. He decribes the broad streets, rows of houses, a bustling metropolis. But his cousin looks around bewildered. All she sees is a forest. "Where are the beauties and improvements which you were to show me?" she asks. He's astonished she can't see them. "Where! Why everywhere," he replies. For though they are not yet built on earth, he has built them in his mind, and they are as concrete to him as if they were already constructed and finished.?







Cooper was illustrating a distinctly American trait, future-mindeness: the ability to see the present from the vantage point of the future; the freedom to feel unencumbered by the past and more emotionally attached to things to come. As Albert Einstein once said, "Life for the American is always becoming, never being."??















Part Ⅴ Writing (60 min)







An English newspaper is currently running a discussion on whether young people in China today are (not) more self-centred and unsympathetic than were previous generations. And the paper is invitingcontributions from university students. You have been asked to write a short article for the newspaper to air your views. ?







?Your article should be about 300 words in length. In the first part of your article you should state clearly your main argument, and in the second part you should support your argument with appropriate details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary.?







You should supply a title for your article.?







Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriacy. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.?







Write your composition on ANSWER SHEET FOUR.







专业八级 (2003) 答案部分







听力原文







PART Ⅰ LISTENING COMPREHENSION?















SECTION A TALK?















When we talk about a modern company, we usually have managers, employees, products, research and development or marketing in mind. However, in reality, a company is not just made up of these elements. There are other things that make a company what it is. This morning, we are going to look at some other aspects of a company. Let's first take a look at the offices. The physical surroundings of most modern companies, especially offices are becoming more and more similar. Although there are some differences from country to country, one office looks much like another. Office furniture and equipment tends to be similar, desks, chairs, filing cabinets, computers, etc. "What is important about offices?"you may ask, "What the atmosphere of the work place can often influence the effectiveness of a company's employees?" Modern offices are more spacious and better laid, heated, ventilated and airconditioned than in the past. But of course, this is the feature that varies from firm to firm, and may be dependant on the size of the company and its cooperate philosophy. In some comanies, the employees work in large, open-plan offices without walls between the departments; in others, the staff members work more privately in individual offices. No matter what the office's law is like, modern companies pay special attention to the physical surroundings in order to create an atmosphere conducive to higher working efficiency. Another related point when talking about offices is the work relations with other people at the place of work. They include relationships with fellow employees, workers or colleagues. A great part of work or job satisfaction, some people say the major portion, comes from getting on with others at work. Work relations were also included those between management and employees. These relations are not always straightforward, particularly as the management's assessment of how your performing can be crucial to your future career.?







Now I'd like to say a bit more about the relations between management and employees. There will also be matters about which employees will want to talk to the management. In small businesses, the boss will probably work alongside his or her workers. Anything that needs to be sorted out will be done face to face as soon as the problem arises. There will be no formal meetings for procedures. But the larger the business, the less direct contact there will be between employees and management. Special meetings have to be held and procedures set up to say when, where, how and what circumstances the employees can talk to the management. Some companies have specially organized consultive committees for this purpose. In many countries of the world today, particularly in large firms, employees join a trade union and ask the union to represent them to the management. Through the union all categories of employees can pass on the complaints they have and try to get things changed. The process, through which unions negotiate with management on behalf of their members is called, collective bargaining. Instead of each employee trying to bargain alone with the company, the employees join together and collectively put forward their views. Occasionally a firm will refuse to recognize the right of a union to negotiate for its members, and its dispute over union recognition will arise. Whether there is an agreement, bargaining or negotiation will take place. A compromise agreement may be reached. When this is not possible, the sides can go to arbitration and bring in a third party from outside to say what they think should happen.?







However, sometimes one of the sides decides to take industrial action. The management can lock out the employees and prevent them from coming to work. This used to be quite common, but it's rarely used today. The main courses of action open to a trade union are strike, a ban on working overtime, "working to rule", that is when employees work according to the company rule book, "go slows", which means that employees may spend more time doing the same job, and "picketing", which means the employees stand outside the entrance to the business location, hoarding outside to show that they are in conflict with the management. Every country has its own tradition of industrial relations, so it's difficult to generalize. In some businesses, unions are not welcomed by the management, but it others, the unions play an important role both in the everyday working relations of individual companies, and also in the social and political life of the country.??















SECTION B INTERVIEW?







If you are going to create a TV show that plays week after week, it needs an actor who can play a believer, you know, a person who tends to believe everything. Tonight in our show we have David Duchovney, who has starred in the popular TV series, "The X·Files". Thanks to his brilliant performance in the TV series, David has become one of best-known figures in the country.?







Interviewer: Good evening, David, I'm so glad to have you here. ?







David: It's my pleasure. Thank you for inviting me on the show. ?







Interviewer: David, have you often been on the radio shows? ?







David: Oh, yes, quite often. To be frank, I love to be on the show. ?







Interviewer: Why? ?







David: You know, I want to know what people think about the TV series and about me, my acting, etc. ?







Interviewer: OK, David, let's first talk about the character you played in 'The X·Files'. The character, whose name is Mulder is supposed to be a believer. He deals with those unbelievable, wild and often disastrous events. He must be, I mean, Mulder, someone who really believes in the things he meets in order to keep on probing into those mysteries. ?







David: That's true. Remember those words said by Mulder: What is so hard to believe? Whose intensity makes even a most skeptical viewer believe the paranormal and our rigorous government consipiracies, without every reason to believe that life in the persistent survey is driving us out of our territorialsphere, etc., etc.? ?







Interviewer: I believe, I guess, David, your contribution to the hot series is quite aparent. Now let's talk about your personal experience. From what I have read, I know that starting from your childhood, you were always a smart boy, went to the best private school, and were accepted at most of the Ivy League colleges. Not bad for a low middle class kid from a broken family on New York's Lower Eastside. It's even more surprising when you, who were on your way to a doctorate at Yale to took a few acting classes and got beaten by the book. ?







David: You bet. My mother was really surprised when I decided to give up all that in order to become an actor. ?







Interviewer: Sure. But talking about Mulder, the believer in 'The X·Files', what about you, David? Do you believe at all in real life, the aliens, people from outer space, you know, UFOs, government conspiracies, all the things that the TV series deal with? ?







David: Well, government conspiracies, I think, are a little far fetched. Because I mean, it's very hard for me to keep a secret with a friend of mine. And you can tell me that the entire government is going to come together and hide the aliens from us? I find that hard to believe. In terms of aliens, I think that they are real. They must be. ?







Interviewer: So you could believe in aliens? ?







David: Oh, yeah. ?







Interviewer: The character you played in 'The X·Files', Fox Mulder, is so dark and moody. Are you dark and moody in life? ?







David: I think so. I think what they wanted was somebody who could be this hearted, driven person, but not behave that way and therefore be hearted and driven but also appear to be normal and not crazy at the same time. And I think that I could, I can, I can afford that. ?







Interviewer: What haunts you now? What drives you now? ?







David: What drives me is failure and success and all those things, so ... ?







Interviewer: Where are you now? Are you haunted and driven, failed or successful, which? ?







David: Yeah, both. ?







Interviewer: All of the above? ?







David: I always feel like a failure. ?







Interviewer: Do you mean now you feel like a failure? ?







David: Yeah, I mean, sometimes you know, like I come back to New York, so its like, everything is different. So I lie on bed and think, two years ago, three years ago, very different. Maybe I'm doing well, but then I think, you know there are just so many other things that I want to do and ... ?







Interviewer: Your father and mother divorced when you were eleven. Does that have effect on your life today that you recognize? ?







David: Well, yeah, I think that the only way to think of it is that, you know, people are saying 'your wound is your goal', you know, 'wherever you're hurt, that's where you'll become stronger.' So, that's what, that's what it's really about ...?







Interviewer: OK. It's time for short break. We'll be back in a minute. David Duchovney in 'The X·Files', don't go away.?















SECTION C NEWS BROADCAST?







News Item 1 (For Question 11)?







The Bush administration is warning that continuing mid-east violence threatens to overwhelm US efforts to revise Israeli-Palestinian Peace talks, using the recommendations of the Mitchell commission to bring the two sides together. The administration officials are openly worried the violence and particularly the car bomb attack injured Isreali civilians could undermine what they see as a positive opening towards renewed peace talks presented by the Mitchell report. The US appeal came in the week of the bomb blast Wednesday in Israeli coastal town of Netanya that injured several Israelies. Responsibility for the bombing was claimed by the Palestinian group, Islamic Jihad. At the state department, sopkesman, Phillip Reeker said there can be no justification for terrorism and targeting its civilians, and he urged the Palestinian authority to do all they can to put an end to such incidents which is said to threaten to overtake the latest peace efforts.??















News Item 2







Voters in Peru head to the post today to cast their ballots in a run?off presidential election that many hope will mark the end of the nation's political crisis. Opinion polls last week show the modern candidate Arhumdred Toledo with a narrow lead over a left-leaning former President Ellen Gaceya. Both candidates have campaigned on similar populous platforms. Meanwhile pre-election Service indicates that up to 25% of voters in Peru plan to spoil or leave their ballots blank to show their dissatisfaction with both candidates.??















News Item 3 (For Questions 13-15)?







Canada for the seventh consecutive year ranks the best place to live in the world. But if you are a woman, you are better off in Scandinavia since the UN Human Development Report (2000) released yesterday. Norway is in second place you know for ranking followed by the United States, Australia, Iceland, Sweden, Belgium, the Netherlands Japan and Britain. Finland is in eleventh place followed by France, Switzerland, Germany, Denmark, Austria, Luxembourg, Ireland, Italy and New Zealand. At the other end of the scale, the ten least deve

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