例：Old people may choose to live alone for themselves and even embrace this living pattern. But in the deep part of their hearts, they must feel lonely. They need their children to stay with, to talk with, and take care of them. Why can't young people think of the days when they are getting old?



　　6)引用格言



　　用格言、谚语或习语总括全文中心思想。



　　例：Many yeas ago, a great philosopher Francis Bacon remarked that"Knowledge…is power."This can now be translatedsintoscontemporary terms. In our social setting,"Knowledge is change"-and accelerating knowledge-acquisition, fueling the great engine of technology, means accelerating change.



　　7)结尾段的核心句型



From what has been discussed above 　　 / Judging from all evidence offered),(Takingsintosaccount all these factors we may safely draw (reach / come to / arrive at) the conclusion that….



All 　　 pointsthe evidence (analysis) supports (justifies / confirms / warrants / to) a(n) unshakable (unmistakable / sound / just) conclusion that….



It is 　　 emphasishigh time that we place (lay / put) great (special / considerable) on the improvement (development / increase / promotion) of….



It is high time 　　 undesirable / deplorable)that we put an end to the deep-seated (unhealthy / situation (tendency / phenomenon) of….



We must look (search / call / cry) 　　 measure), because the present (current)for an immediate action (method / situation (phenomenon / tendency / state / attitude) of…, if permitted (allowed) to continue (proceed), will surely (certainly) lead to (result in) the end (destruction / heavy cost) of….



There is no easy (immediate / effective) 　　 remedy) to the problem of…, but…might be usefulsolution (approach / answer / (helpful / beneficial).



No easy method (solution / recipe / remedy) can be at 　　 guaranteed) to solve (resolve / tackle) the problem of…, buthand (found / the common (general / public) recognition of (realization of / awareness of / commitment to) the necessity (importance / significance) of…might be the first step towards change (on the right way / in the right direction).



Following 　　 (solution to)…,these methods (suggestions) may not guarantee the success in but the pay-off will be worth the effort.



Obviously (Clearly / No doubt), if 　　 there is every chance that….we ignore (are blind to) the problem,



Unless 　　 very likelythere is a common realization of (general commitment to)…, it is (the chances are good) that….



There is little doubt (no denying) that serious 　　 immediate / further) attention must be called (paid /(special / adequate / devoted) to the problem of….



It is necessary (essential / fundamental) that 　　 action (steps /measures / remedies) should beeffective (quick / proper) taken to prevent (correct /check / end / fight) the situation (tendency / phenomenon).



It is hoped (suggested / recommended) that great (continuous / 　　 / sustained / corporate) efforts should be made to control (check/persistent halt / promote) the growth (increase / rise) of….



It is hoped that great 　　 focused on) finding (developingefforts should be directed to (expended on / / improving)….



It remains to be seen whether…, but the prospect (outlook) is 　　 encouraging (that rosy).not quite



Anyhow, wider (more) education 　　 (potential / grave /serious /(publicity) should be given to the possible pernicious) consequences (effects) of….



To reverse (check / control) the 　　 easy job), and it requires (demandstrend (tendency) is not a light task (an / involves / entails) a different state of mind towards (attitude towards / outlook on)….



　　For these reasons, I strongly recommend that….



For the reasons given above, I feel 　　that….



　　4.段落扩展中的常用词语



　　1)总结关系过渡词语



　　generally speaking, generally, as a general rule, in general, on a larger scale, to take the idea further, to take the above opinion to an extreme, in a sense, in one sense, in a way, to some extent, in my opinion, in my view, as for me, as far as I am concerned, obviously, undoubtedly, in terms of, in conclusion, in short, in brief, in summary, in a word, on the whole, to sum up, to conclude



　　2)比较对比关系过渡词语



　　similarly, likewise, like, too, equally important, the same as, in common, in the same way, on the contrary, on the one hand, on the other hand, otherwise, in sharp contrast, whereas, rather than, conversely, instead, in/by contrast, but, however, yet, nevertheless



　　3)列举关系过渡词语



　　for example, for instance, as an example, as a case in point, such as, namely, that is, like, thus, first, second, third, finally, in the first place, initially, first of all, to begin with, to start with, what is more, furthermore, eventually, besides, in addition (to that), first and foremost, last but not least, next, also, moreover, for one thing, for another



　　4)因果关系过渡词语



　　because (of), as, since, for, owing to, due to, thanks to, on account of, as a result of, result in (from), consequently, for the reason that, as a consequence, consequently, if follows that, accordingly, therefore, hence



　　5)让步关系过渡词语



　　although, even though, after all, in spite of, despite, granted that



　　6)强调关系过渡词语



　　anyway, certainly, surely, obviously, to be sure, especially, particularly, above all, in deed, in fact, even worse, needless to say, most important of all, no doubt



　　五、考研英语写作程序



　　由于时间的限制及题型的要求，考生必须遵循一定的写作程序并且合理地分配时间，以便从容地完成较高水平的写作。下面的考研英语写作程序及时间分配，供考生参考并灵活地加以运用。



　　1.审题过程(2-3分钟)



　　所谓"审题"，就是仔细地研究、理解题目，即根据题目所提供的条件和要求，来确定文章的内容、体裁和写法。这一过程直接关系到写作的成败，即是否"切题"。审题应该包含下列四个方面：



　　1)审文体



　　文体是对文章的一种规格要求，不同的文体，在写作上有不同的规格要求。命题作文一般采用议论文文体；规定情景作文通常以描写文、叙述文为主；图表作文通常采用说明文；然而，段首句作文，应视具体内容而定。



　　2)审内容



　　了解题目在内容方面的要求决定写什么，这是审题的关键。



　　3)审材料



　　审查考题在选材范围方面的要求，考题对材料有特定的限制，故考生应在题目限制的范围内选取材料。



　　简言之，选材的一般要点包含：



　　①选择真实的材料；



　　②选择典型的材料；



　　③选择鲜活的材料；



　　④选择最能展现主题的材料。



　　4)审要求



　　审查考题在格式、字数、时间、内容等诸多方面的具体要求。



　　总之，如果审题不当，文章跑题；审题不周，文不切题；审题不全，遗漏重点。因此，考生一定要严把审题关。



　　2.构思过程(5-7分钟)



　　一旦确定了主题，就开始构思选材。选材的思路围绕题目、提示、数据、图形和所给的提纲来进行。考生应从自己所熟悉的素材中筛选出最能表达和说明主题的内容，思路要灵活，想象要丰富，同时要有创新，避免落入写作俗套。在此基础上，草拟出作文提纲，提纲要简明扼要，能抓住段落主题。同时，考生对文章段落展开的方法、过渡句和句型等也要有所考虑。



　　从历年考研英语写作试题来分析，写作题目大多已给出了基本的提纲或相应的要求。在这种情况下，考生可将给出的提纲扩展成相应的主题句，这样便迅速地拟出了一个详细且完整的写作提纲。



　　拟出带有主题句的具体提纲，才能围绕主题句构思出要写的内容，选出展现主题的最佳素材，形成一条清楚的写作主线，然后根据主线具体地提出和回答what, who, when, how, why等一系列考题规定的问题。



　　3.下笔创作过程(20-25分钟)



　　下笔创作过程即段落的展开，考生要用贴切的词与句将自己的所思所想所感一层层地明确表达出来。



　　考生要注意以下几点：



　　1)段落应有段落的主题，并且段落中所涉及的内容都是为文章主题服务的。



　　2)写初稿时要一气呵成，尽量不使用自己没有把握的词语或句型。



　　3)在下笔创作的过程中可以适当修改提纲，注意不要脱离主题。



　　4)注意利用过渡词和过渡句使句子和段落结构严谨连贯，也使内容更易于展开。



　　4.检查与修改过程(3-5分钟)



　　初稿一定存在着某些不妥之处，故需要最后订正。



　　首先检查内容是否切题，论点是否明确，论据是否充分，结论是否合理，然后检查语法是否正确，语句是否通顺，用词是否贴切，数字是否准确，表达是否恰当，拼写是否正确，标点是否得当等等。



　　六、考研英语写作常见题型



　　如果考生想在较短的时间内对考研英语写作有所认识、有所突破，首先应该了解考研英语写作常见题型，并弄懂各种题型的写作技巧，然后进行有针对性的练习，并且研读相关范文。考研英语写作中的常见题型如下：



　　1.提纲题型写作



　　1)写作要点



　　①认真研究所给提纲



　　考生要注意领会提纲的含义，不要遗漏提纲要点或错误理解提纲的意思。



　　②确定各段的主题句



　　考生应根据所给提纲写出各段的主题句，合格的主题句应具备以下四个要点：



　　•意义完整主题句结构要完整，即结构符合语法规则；意义要完整，即主题句是一个符合逻辑的完整命题。



　　•表意清晰主题句要清晰明确，不使用意思含混的词或句子。



　　•内容具体主题句的内容要明确具体，否则不利于段落的拓展。



　　•用词贴切主题句一定要用词准确，简明达意，使段落的拓展有一个良好的基础。



　　③逐步展开段落



　　段落写作应围绕自己列好的主题句进行，在写作过程中可稍加调整。



　　④检查与修改



　　检查考题所给提纲是否准确且完整地被表达于文章之中，如有偏差，应作出相应的修改。



　　2)提纲题型写作试题实例①写作题目Title: THE"PROJECT HOPE"Outline:



　　1. Present situation



　　2. Necessity of the project



　　3. My suggestion



　　②参考范文：



　　Education plays a very significant role in the modernization of our country. There are, however, still a large number of school-agers in remote and isolated rural areas who can't afford to go to school because of their financial predicament. This is a very serious problem which needs to be resolved as soon as possible. Thus, the Chinese authorities have worked out a plan to assist them financially, which is called"Project Hope".



　　This project, I do believe, is of most importance and necessity. To begin with, as a developing country, China is unlikely to inject a huge amount of money in education at present. So education has to turn to the general public to find its way out. Secondly, with the financial assistance of the general public, many of the poor children who have dropped out of school can go back to go on with their schooling. This will, in turn, contribute a great deal to the expansion of the rural economy in our remote and isolated rural areas. Apparently, the Project Hope is of profoundsignificance for the modernization of our country.



　　As for me, a university student, my suggestions are as follows. In the first place, our government should encourage more of the public in cities to finance the project. In addition, it is most necessary to set up a special foundation to receive the contributions donated by the public at home and abroad. Last but not least, those in charge of the project are supposed to make sure that the money is directly sent to the families whose children have dropped out of school. In short, I am convinced that the project will be fruitful and successful in the long run. (284 words)



　　2.图画题型写作



　　图画题型写作是较难的题型之一，近两年考研英语写作试题均为图画题型，故考生应该认真对待。面对此类题型，考生应首先确定主题，然后再动笔。



　　1)图画题型写作要点



　　①详细查看图画。考生应对图画进行全面而细致的研究，尤其注意图画中人或物(人与物)的体貌表情特征和背景，确定人物之间，人物与背景之间的主要关系，以便正确掌握图画所传达的信息。



　　②如果图画以系列形式(既两幅以上)出现，考生除了掌握每一幅图画的信息，还应该对图画之间的相应联系有所理解，从而在整体上把握图画所传达的信息。



　　③面对图画题型，考生应该展开合理而丰富的联想，用生动而恰当的言辞抒发自己对图画的所思所想所感。



　　④注意图画题型中的文字提示。文字提示非常重要，文字提示通常十分清楚地提供一些写作要点。



　　⑤草拟提纲，合理组织材料。根据图画内容的不同采用不同的段落发展方式。如果画面内容是以描述为主，即按空间方位或时间先后顺序排列，可采用"开头--扩展--结尾"的写作方式。如果画面内容是以解释说明为主，写作时则先给出主题句，再围绕主题句完成各段落的写作，这是采用"主题句--扩展句--总结句"的写作方式。



　　⑥系统且突出地展开段落。展开段落要根据画面内容进行，同时也要围绕每一段的主题句进行。



　　⑦检查与修改。考生应重点检查图画内容是否准确地被表达出来，题目所给提示是否完整地反映在文章之中。如果存在与画面不相符的内容，或未能完全涵盖题目所给提示，考生应对文章做出相应修订。



　　2)图画题型写作试题实例



　　①写作题目



　　Directions:



　　Study the pictures carefully and write an essay about 200 words based on the following:



　　1. describe the set of drawings and interpret its meaning



　　2. point out its implications in our life



　　②参考范文：



　　Shakespeare has ever stated that I came, I suffered and I survived, which gives us much for thought about our life and development.



　　The set of drawings above vividly depicts the destiny of a flower in two different living circumstances. As is shown in the first drawing, the flower is placed in a cozy green house which shelters it from the severe wind and storm. With proper temperature and other good conditions, the flower is growing in full bloom. In contrast, when removed from the green house and exposed to the wind and storm, the flower immediately fades and withers, with most of its petals cast about on the ground. The purpose of the drawings is to reveal the fact that the flower growing in the green house can not withstand the ordeal of the wind and storm, yet the implied meaning subtly conveyed should be takensintosaccount more seriously. The weak flower is naturally associated with our young people, to be exact, the only children in our current society; the green house epitomizes our parents'excessive doting care and material supplies that can protect the children from the wind and storm, to be specific, the harsh reality. Once our young people begin to seek independence and face challenges from the real competitive world, they are found too spoiled to be strong enough to endure the hardships and difficulties of various sorts.



　　In sum, it is essential for our young people to derive positive implications from the above thought-provoking drawings. On the one hand, we can frequently employ them to enlighten ourselves to be more independent in life. On the other hand, our parents should be sensible enough to offer children more right and freedom to cope with their own troubles and problems. Only by undergoing more predicaments can young people develop strong personality and ability needed in the future, and only in this way can they eventually become winners in our competitive changing world. (326 words)



　　3.表格和图表题型写作



　　目前，表格和图表题型是考研英语写作中较为常见的题型之一，也是难度较大的一种写作题型，故考生应对此类题型加强练习，熟练掌握。



　　1)表格和图表题型写作要点



　　①考生应仔细研究题目以及提示信息，看准、看清图表中的数字、线条、阴影等部分的变化趋势和走向，然后根据图表所显示的中心信息确定内容层次以及主题句。



　　②考生应该仔细观察分析图表所给出的大量信息，从中选取最重要，最有代表性，最核心的信息，然后根据全文的主旨去组织运用所获取的关键信息。考生应切忌简单地罗列图表所给出的信息。



　　③表格和图表题型写作一般采用一般现在时，但如果图表给出了具体时间参照，考生则应对时态进行相应的调整。



　　④表格和图表题型要求考生使用一些固定句型和表达法，考生应对此融会贯通。



　　⑤表格和图表题型可以细分为表格，曲线图、柱形图和圆形图。除了上述共同要点，考生还应弄懂这四种图在写作方面的各自特点。



　　表格形式要求考生对表格中所给出的大量数字进行比较分析，从中找出其变化规律。



　　曲线图形式要求考生认真观察坐标系所显示的数据信息，并且密切注意交汇在坐标横轴和纵轴上的数字及单位。



　　柱形图形式要求考生通过宽度相等的柱形的高度或长度差别来判断事物的动态发展趋势，故考生应密切关注坐标线上的刻度单位及图表旁边的提示说明与文字。



　　圆形图形式旨在要求考生准确理解并阐述一个被分割成大小不等切片的圆形图所传达的信息。考生应清楚掌握部分与整体，部分与部分之间的相互关系，这种关系通常是以百分比的数字形式给出的。



　　⑥列出各段的主题句。考生可以根据所给提纲或已知信息列出每段的主题句，为全文的展开铺平道路。



　　⑦严格围绕主题句展开段落。



　　⑧检查与修改。表格与图表写作的检查与修改应着重检查文章中所列举的信息是否与图表所显示的信息一致。



　　2)表格和图表题型的核心句型



　　3)表格和图表题型写作试题实例



　　①写作题目



　　Directions:



　　A. Study the following graphs carefully and write an essay in about 200 words.



　　B. Your essay must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEETⅡ.



　　C. Your essay should cover these three points:



　　1. effect of the country's growing human population on its wildlife



　　2. possible reason for the effect



　　3. your suggestion for the wildlife protection



　　②参考范文



　　As is shown by the two graphs, during the period of time from 1800 to 1900, with the explosive growth of the U.S. population, the number of species no longer existing shot up, amounting to 70 in 1990. It is apparent that the population explosion resulted in the sharp decline in the wildlife of the country. What brought about this phenomenon?



　　There are, I do think, two possible reasons for the fact. To begin with, the ever-increasing population needs more land to grow crops and more space to live in. Consequently, there is less and less niche in the U.S. for wildlife. Moreover, a number of newly built factories keep discharging harmful gases and liquids, which seriously pollute the environment. This has disturbed the ecological balance, contributing to the extinction of some wildlife.



　　In my view, three strong measures should be taken to solve the problem. In the first place, the birth rate in the U.S. must be put under control because the rapidly growing population leads to serious environmental crisis. Secondly, the U.S. government is supposed to create as many nature reserves as possibleswheresall the native species of wild animals can be kept from being hunted and all the native species of plants can grow vigorously. Last and not least, it is urgent for the authorities to set up a foundation to reward those who do much to protect wildlife. (233 words)



　　4.情景题型写作



　　1)情景题型写作要点



　　情景题型写作没有具体题目，仅仅规定一定的情景，这是一种指导性较强的写作题型，考生千万不要脱离情景，而应严格依照题目所规定的情景构思短文。特别注意以下几点：



　　①情景式写作要求考生在题目规定的情景内展开构思，组织内容。



　　②仔细审题。考生应明确题目所提供的情景，是论证还是说明，是叙事还是写景。



　　③确定段落与主题句。各段的主题句使文章有条有理，同时也使考生对自己所要表达的内容有更具体的把握。



　　④平稳地展开段落。主题句一经确定，考生便可以围绕主题句，展开段落，完成全文的写作。段落的展开应该建立在段落情景基础之上，每段的重点都应集中于描述情景规定内容。



　　⑤考生的每一词每一句应紧扣情景，突出重点，前后连贯，表达清楚，符合逻辑。



　　⑥明确题型种类。情景写作可根据内容写成不同文体，如记叙文、论说文、书信报告等，故考生应该注意灵活运用相应文体的写作方法与技巧。



　　⑦认真检查与修改。考生应重点检查是否完全准确地包含了情景所要求的各方面内容，是否有与情景相悖或不相关的内容。



　　2)情景题型写作实例



　　①考试题目：



　　Some people hold onto the idea that money and property offer more opportunities for success in our society; others think that education provide more opportunities for success in our society. Present your perspective on the issue, using relevant reasons and/or examples to support your views.



　　②参考范文：