文章总共2页
文章总共2页
文章标签:六级 英语四 技巧 四六级 填空 完形填空 英语四六级 备考
定语从句的关系词省略，关系词在从句中又不做任何成分，说明先行词一定是way。
(6) 根据先行词的修饰语判断从句中副词的使用
当定语从句的先行词被形容词最高级修饰时，从句中应该用完成时态并且用ever。如果了解这一规律，下面一题可轻松解答。
The largest brain _71__ examined belonged to a person of weak (mind).
71. A. ever B. then C. never D. once
初看，这里没有什么定语从句，实际上，分词做定语与从句做定语概念是一样的，只是结构的差别而已。这里的分词做定语就相当于that had ever been examined，因此，考生还是可以按照定语从句的规律来判断。
(7)根据上下文的逻辑关系判断状语从句连词的使用
① It shook violently _89__ it touched the ground and then moved rapidly (along) the runway and after a long run it stopped safely.
89. A. as B. unless C. while D. so
飞机着陆与剧烈振动之间既有因果关系，又有时间上的关系，但没有条件的关系，因为这里所描述的是具体发生的事情。如为因果，则着陆为因，振动为果；D因果倒置，不对。表示时间的连词while从句中一般与持续性动词或状态动词连用，表示一个动作在另一个动作的过程之中发生，显然与本句的情况不符。答案应是A，as表示同时发生。
② Did you ever have someone's name on the tip of your tongue and yet you were unable to recall it? __71__ this happens again, do not (try) to recall it.
71. A. As B. When C. While D. Whether
71所表示的应该是表示时间的副词。A，B，C都可连接时间状语从句，其中A强调同时发生；C强调主句谓语动词在从句谓语动词的进行之中发生，两者都与本题不符，答案应该是When。
③ Most children with healthy appetites are ready to eat almost anything that is offered them and a child rarely dislikes food __61_ it is badly cooked.
61. A. if B. until C. that D. unless
从意思上讲，孩子喜欢与不喜欢某一饭菜和饭菜做的质量之间应该是条件或因果的关系。从本句所表达的方式来看应该是"除非饭菜做的不好，孩子是很少会不喜欢的"，由此看来，答案应该是D。
④ The United States is well-known for its network of major highways designed to help a driver get from one place to another in the shortest possible time. _71__ these wide modern roads are generally (smooth) and well maintained, with (little) sharp curves and many straight (sections), a direct route is not always the most (enjoyable) one.
71. A. Although B. Because C. Since D. Therefore
从句介绍高速公路的优点，而主句提出其不足，前后显然是转折的关系，从句为让步状语从句，答案为A。
(8) 注意分析连词在从句中的作用和语意要求。
① We know, however, __88__ no two places are exactly the same.
88. A. although B. be C. whether D. that
从结构上看，空格后为宾语从句，A，B不能引导宾语从句，可以排除。从句中没有疑问或判断的意思，所以答案应该是D。
② Professors do not have the time to explain __81_ a university library works.
81. A. when B. what C. why D. how
空格后表示解释的内容，自然是做宾语的，为宾语从句。从连词和句子的关系来看，应该是表示方式，即解释如何使用图书馆，答案为D。
(9)注意倒装的条件
英语中主谓倒装的情况很多，如，only + 状语置于句首倒装，含有否定意味的词置于句首倒装；so表示某人也如何；neither/nor表示某人也不如何，置于句首倒装，虚拟语气中条件句if省略，将were/should/had置于句首等等。这几年的完形填空中对倒装语序的考查集中在nor的使用上。如：
① Human brains are the (same). No scientists could examine a brain and tell you the race to which the individual belonged. Brains will (vary) in size, but this occurs within every race. __70_ does size have anything to do with intelligence.
70. A. Only B. Or C. Nor D. So
② Under __79__ circumstance must a child be coaxed (or) forced to eat.
79. A. some B. such C. such D. no
以上两题中都是采用了倒装语序。而四个选项中只有一个为否定词。按照含有否定意味的词提前，主谓倒装的原则，两题都应选择否定词。第一题答案为C，表示人脑的大小同智力也没有什么关系；第二题答案为D，表示在任何情况下都不应该强迫或哄骗孩子进食。
(二) 运用篇章技巧
一个完整的语篇，一篇内容充实，结构合理，行文流畅的短文所依赖的不只是词汇和语法，更多的是篇章技巧。作者借助于篇章技巧成文，同学们在复现作者的语言时同样可以借助篇章技巧。完形填空毕竟不同于单项选择，作为一个意思连贯，结构完整的语篇，其中篇章技巧的使用是完形填空解题中至关重要的手段。
1. 运用词汇复现技巧：
复现有原词复现、同义词复现、反义词复现、同根词复现、概括词复现等。完形填空中，考生可以利用上下文的复现信息，确定正确的表达方式。
1) 原词复现
为了表达的需求，在具体的上下文中同一概念重复出现。考生可以借助于上下文中这一信息选择答案。如：
① It can be said that foreign __74__ that makes the faculty member from abroad an asset also (creates) problems of adjustment, both for the university and for the individual.……… Both the visiting professor and his students (lack) background in each others' culture.
74. A. situation B. background C. circumstances D. condition
四个选项都表示"情况"的概念,而一个外籍老师的"情况"又该用什么词来表达,通过文章后半部的阅读考生就不难发现background一词，便可判断此处答案为B。
② As the plane circled over the airport, everyone sensed that something was wrong. ……… Moving the pilot (aside), the man took his seat and listened carefully to the (urgent) instructions that were being sent by radio from the airport (below). The plane was now dangerously close (to) the ground, but to everyone's (relief), it soon began to climb. The man had to __84___ the airport several times in order to become (familiar) with the controls of the plane. ……… Following __88___, the man guided the plane toward the airfield.
84. A. surround B. circle C. observe D. view
88. A. impressions B. information C. inspections D. instructions
从上文中的circled可以推断84"在机场上盘旋"应该是B。从上文中listened to the instructions可以判断88为D。这样，84为上文中circle的复现；follow instructions 为listen to instructions的复现。
③ Again, a word from one language may pass into other languages and __74__ a new meaning. ……… So, in Spanish the word "etiquette" today is used to __77_ the small tags which a store (attached ) to a suit, a dress or a bottle. The word "etiquette" in French, (however), gradually developed a different meaning. ……… (Thus) the word "etiquette" began to indicate a system of correct manners for people to follow.
74. A. developed B. pick C. change D. bases
77. A. show B. indicate C. hold D. design
一个单词出现的新的意思，用来表示什么表达方式可以从下文的复现信息(黑体字)判断。这样考生就用不着为各选项之间的辨析而头痛。
2) 同义词、近义词复现
同义词，近义词是借助意思相同或相近的表达方式，或解释性的语言使上下文语意得以连接起来。做完形填空时，考生应注意分析上下文中出现的解释性语言。如：
① Many teachers believe that the responsibilities for learning lie with the students.………… It is the __80__responsibility to find books, magazines, and articles in the library.
A. student's b. professor's C. assistant's D. librarian's
从前面的responsibilities for learning lie with the students可以判断查找材料也应该是"学生"的责任，所以答案为A。
② That "something special" was men --- (creative) individuals who could invent machines, ………… The men who __76__ the machines of the Industrial Revolution (came) from many backgrounds and many occupations.………… Most of the people who __87__ the machines of the Industrial Revolution were inventors, not trained scientists.
76. A. employed B. created C. operated D. controlled
87. A. proposed B. developed C. supplied D. offered
从上下文来看，这一部分所谈论的是人发明机器的事情。从复现信息(黑体字)，可以推断，76、87都应该是与发明有关的词语。从这一点出发，就不难判断，76答案为B；87 答案为B。
③ An inventor or one interested in applied science is (usually) trying to make something that has a concrete __83__.
83. A. plan B. use C. idea D. means
applied science 即"应用科学"，从apply一词可以看出下文复现的应该是 "用"这一概念，所以83答案为C。
3) 反义词复现
语意的连贯有时通过对比的结构采用反义复现的手段，或者是以反义的方式对前文加以解释。在考试中，考生应注意分析这类概念复现，从反义的角度判断正确的选项。
① Forcing yourself to recall (almost) never helps because it doesn't ____ your memory; it only tightens it.
81. A. loosen B. weaken C. decrease D. reduce
前后两部分互为解释，一为肯定，一为否定，为反义复现。从下文的tighten可以判断，上文应该是选loosen。
② There are four types of blood. __67__ types are found in every race, and no type is distinct to any race.
67. A. All B. Most C. No D. Some
并列连词and说明前后语意一致，那么，前后应该是反义复现，与no 反义的自然是A(all) 。
4) 同源词复现
对于上下文语意复现的表达，考生还借助复现信息的同源词。如以下各例：
① Many teachers believe that the responsibilities for learning lie with the students. If a long reading assignment is given, the instructors expect students to be familiar with the (information) in the reading …………When research is __78__, the professor expects the student to take it actively and to complete it with (minimum) guidance.
78. A. collected B. assigned C. distributed D. finished
该部分作者通过两个例子说明，应该有学生负责自己的学习，都是从"布置作业"方面解释。说明布置阅读作业时要求学生如何；布置研究作业时又该要求学生如何。两个例子概念复现，借助于give reading assignment的表达方式，可以确定78应该是B，构成assign research的结构。
② (Although) these wide modern roads are generally (smooth) and well maintained, with (little) sharp curves and many straight (sections) ………… others are uneven road __85__ through the country.
85. A. driving B. curving C. crossing D. travelling
上文中提高高速公路上的弯道时用的是curve，85复现"弯道"的概念，用的应该是与curve有关的动词，即curving。
5) 上义词复现
上义词具有概括的作用。在写作中，有时为了表达的需要，作者会先概述，再分述。概述时用的为上义词，分述则用比较具体的下义词。在解答完形填空时，考生应注意分析这中分总关系，选择适当的表达方式。
① Regardless of his method, he is working to obtain a __85__ result: the construction of a harvesting machine, the burning of a light bulb, or one of (man) other objectives.
85. A. single B. sole C. specialized D. specific
冒号后自然是对上文的解释，从解释的内容来看，三者统一于一个概念之下：specific为具体，所以答案为D。
② Consider the everyday English __87__ "Goodbye".
87. A. expression B. statement C. proverb D. conversation
Goodbye为所填之词的同位语，goodbye 为下义词，其上义词应该是A，expression。
2．运用词汇同现技巧
同现指意义上相互联系的单词同时出现在同一语篇当中。一个语篇，一个话题，要求与之相连的词汇。由于单词意义的差别、所使用的语域不同，因此所适应的上下文也各有别。为了保证语篇的和谐性，得体性，有必要一话题为中心，了解有相关单词组成的词汇链。
1)场所同现
① This is thought to be a __89_ where further study is called (for).
89. A. a scope B. field C. range D. district
"研究"就有研究的"领域"、研究的"课题"、从事研究的"人员"。所以" 研究"与"领域"是同现，答案自然就是B。
② Another (way) to divide the study of __80__ is to distinguish between physical geography and cultural geography. The former focuses on the natural world; the _81__ starts with human beings and _82___ how human beings and their environment act (upon) each other. But when geography is considered as a single subject, __84__ branch can neglect the other.
80. A. world B. earth C. globe D. geography
81. A. second B. next C. later D. latter
82. A. learns B. studies C. realizes D. understands
84. A. neither B. to C. one D. by
从文章主题(也就是话题)来看，本短文所谈论的是"地理"。地理作为一门"科学"有其"研究"的内容。所以，geography, science, study是同现词汇, 80答案为D，这从下文分述中的复现也可证明；82答案为B，是同现动词。
从上文former的使用可以推断82答案为D，因former与latter为结构同现。
最后the other的使用说明只有两个，况且这一段所讨论的就是两种地理观的区别，那么两者都不自然就是neither， 也就是说neither与the other本来是同现关系。
78. A. large B. fast C. light D. heavy
道路的作用是连接人们有去之处,目的是为了交通,因此,highways, connect, traffic为同现词汇，而与traffic同现的形容词有light, heavy。由此可见77答案为B，78答案可为C，也可为D。但与rush hour同现的却只能是heavy traffic，所以78题答案为D。
4)结构同现
⑤ _84__ of these are good two-lane roads; others are uneven roads (curving) through the country.
84. A. All B. Lots C. Several D. Some
如果考生熟悉some与others结构上的同现关系，就用不着在分析数量上下功夫，答案自然可得。
⑥ Never ask a child __64__ he likes or dislikes a food and never (discuss) likes and dislikes in front of or allow (anyone) else to do so.
64. A. whether B. what C. that D. which
本题考查的乃是结构同现，与or 搭配的只有whether，即A。
5)同义同现
⑦ If a student has problem with classroom work, the student should either __89__ a professor during office hours __90__ make an appointment.
89. A. greet B. attach C. approach D. annoy
90. A. or B. and C. to D. but
90 与either构成结构同现 either … or，89与make an appointment为近义同现。make an appointment就是approach(接近)老师的一种方式，所以89题答案为C.
(三) 逻辑关系
一个完整的语篇应该是符合逻辑的，文章逻辑关系的取得主要靠转承语的使用。正确使用转承语，是保证文章连贯和谐，保证文章逻辑的有效手段。作者利用转承语保证文章的逻辑，同学们在做完形填空时通过自己对上下文的理解，找到适当的逻辑关系，然后选择正确的转承语。因此同学们有必要掌握各种转承语的用法。
完形填空的目的不是阅读，而是根据阅读掌握的信息恢复作者写作的原貌。从转承语上来说，即要求考生根据文章的语意发展和逻辑关系，确定适当的词语。
转承语与连词不同。连词一般是句子层面上的东西，要求考生所理解的是一句中主从句之间的语意联系，而转承语要求考生掌握的是语篇层面上的东西，考生需根据语篇上下文的逻辑关系才能确定适当的表达方式。因此，在转承语的选择上，同学们要仔细阅读文章的上下文内容，从整体上去把握。试看下列例题：
① The foreign research scholar usually isolates (himself) in the laboratory as a means of protection; __77_, what he needs is to be fitted (with) a highly organized university system quite different from (that) at home.
77. A. otherwise B. moreover C. however D. also
外籍研究学者习惯于将自己关闭在实验室之内，而他们所需要的却是溶入与他们原来所处的教育体系不同的体系之内。从上下文来看，两句的关系为转折，所以答案为C。
② …………a geographer might be described (as) one who observes, records, and explains the (differences) between places. If all places (were) alike, there would be little need for geographers. We know, however, (that) no two places are exactly the same. Geography, __89_, is a point of view, a special way of (looking) at places.
89. A. still B. then c. nevertheless D. moreover
在讨论了对地理学的研究之后，于文章的最后结论道，"地理学也是一种观点，一种观察不同地区的特殊方法"。由此可见，89 答案为B。
③ In the United States, professor have many other duties (besides) teaching, such as administrative or research work. __87__ the time that a professor can spend with a student outside of class is (limited).
87. A. However B. Furthermore C. Therefore D. Nevertheless
因为教授们的工作很多，不只是教学，所以他们能与学生在一起的时间比较有限。从上下文的逻辑关系来看，应该是因果关系，答案为C。
④ The plane was now dangerously close (to) the ground, but to everyone's (relief), it soon began to climb. The man had to (circle) the airport several times in order to become (familiar) with the controls of the plane. __86__ the danger had not yet passed. The terrible (moment) came when he had to land.
86. A. Then B. Therefore C. But D. Moreover
飞机又爬到空中，在机场盘旋了几次，"驾驶员"也熟悉了飞机的操作，似乎危险已过，但情况远非如此。从下文中所介绍的飞机降落时的情况可以看出86答案应该是C。
⑤ Students find preparatory method helpful (in) examinations. They read over the questions (before) trying to answer any of them. __84___ they answer first the ones (in) which they are most confident. Meanwhile, deeper mental activities in the subconscious mind are taking (place); work is being done on the (less) difficult question. By the time the easier questions are answered, answers (to) the more difficult ones will begin to come into consciousness.
84. A. Thus B. But C. Therefore D. Then
这里介绍了在解答问题时"准备工作"的重要性。学生在回答问题之前先阅读所有的问题，然后先回答比较容易的，比较容易的问答完之后，对难的问题的答案也就自然而然地在大脑总出现。这反映出预先阅读的重要性。考生在把所有这些读清楚之后，就自然会清楚84处所表示的 时间上的关系，也就可以判断答案为D。
⑥ A land free from destruction, plus wealth, natural resources, and labor supply - all these were important (factors) in helping England to become the center for the Industrial Revolution. __72___ they were not enough. Something (else) was needed to start the industrial process. That "something special" was men.
72. A. But B. Besides C. And D. Even
文章首先介绍财富，资源，劳动力在工业革命中的作用，然后笔锋一转提出文章的主题，发明机器的人。从这关系上看，72处应是转折连词。答案为A。
⑦ The word "etiquette", which is (of) French origin and originally meant a label, (or) a sign, passed into Spanish and kept its original meaning. So in Spanish the word "etiquette" today is used to (indicate) the small tags which a store (attaches) to a suit, a dress or a bottle. The word "etiquette" in French, __79__, gradually developed a different meaning. It __80__ became the custom to write directions on small cards, or "etiquette", as to how visitors should dress themselves and (act) during an important ceremony at the royal court. __82_, the word "etiquette" began to indicate a system of correct manners for people to follow.
79. A. moreover B. however C. therefore D. furthermore
80. A. late B. lately C. latest D. later
82. A. Nevertheless B. Also C. Yet D. Thus
这一部分介绍了语言中单词意思的变化。列举了两种情况，一种是单词意思没有变化，另一种是发生了变化，因此两者之间的关系为对比，从文章叙述的逻辑来看是转折，79答案为B。在介绍单词意思变化时介绍了"etiquette"在法语中的变化过程。这个变化过程是一个时间的过程，80答案为D。在介绍"etiquette"的意思变化时通过一种习俗加以说明，上下为因果关系，82答案为D。
(四)根据文章的类型结构解答完形填空
四六级完形填空多以说明文和议论文为主，说明文，议论文一般采用分类、比较对照、因果、例证等方式谋篇。正确把握文章的结构类型有助于文章的理解，也因此有助于完形填空的解答。完形填空的任务是在正确理解短文的基础上再现作者的语言表达方式。为此，同学们应注意加强文章谋篇布局的分析。
1．四级完形填空的段落类型
1) 比较对照型
比较对照是四六级英语考试完形填空中比较常用的一种段落格式。在解答这类完形填空时考生应注意利用比较对照模式所提供的信息，包括对比项各自的特点，语言表达的方式，由于对比的出现，很容易出现复现现象，考生应注意利用这些信息，帮助解答完形填空。如：
The United States is well known for its network of major highways designed to help a driver get from one place to another in the shortest possible time._71__ these wide modern roads are generally _72__ and well maintained, with __73_ sharp curves and many straight __74__, a direct route is not always the most __75___ one. Large highways often pass __76___ scenic areas and interesting small town. Furthermore, these highways generally __77__ large urban centers which means that they become crowded with ___78__ traffic during rush hours, __79__ the "fast, direct" way becomes a very slow route.
However, there is __80__ always-another route to take __81_ you are not in hurry. Not far from the __82__ new "super highways", there are often older, __83_ heavily traveled roads which go through the countryside . __84__ of these are good two-lane roads; others are uneven roads __85_ through the country. These secondary routes may go up steep slopes, along high __86_, or down frightening hillsides to towns __87_ in deep valleys. Through these less direct routes, longer and slower, they generally go place __88__ the air is clean and the scenery is beautiful, and the driver may have __89___ to get a fresh, clean __90__ of the world.
71. A. Although B. Because C. Since D. Therefore
72. A. stable B. splendid C. smooth D. complicated
73. A. little B. few C. much D. many
74. A. selections B. separations C. series D. sections
75. A. terrible B. enjoyable C. possible D. profitable
76. A. to B. into C. over D. by
77. A. lead B. connect C. collect D. communicate
78. A. large B. light C. fast D. heavy
79. A. when B. for C. but D. that
80. A. yet B. still C. almost D. quite
81. A. unless B. as C. if D. since
82. A. relatively B. regularly C. respectively D. reasonably
83. A. and B. less C. more D. or
84. A. All B. Several C. Lots D. Some
85. A. driving B. crossing C. curving D. traveling
86. A. rocks B. cliffs C. roads D. paths
87. A. lying B. laying C. laid D. lied
88. A. there B. which C. when D. where
89. A. space B. chance C. period D. spot
90. A. view B. variety C. visit D. virtue
参考答案为：71. A 72. C 73. B 74. D 75. C
76. D 77. B 78. D 79. A 80. C
81. B 82. A 83. B 84. D 85. C
86. B 87. A 88. D 89. C 90. A
再如95年6月四级完形填空中的两段。从Many of them were (more) inventors than scientists.可以看出，下文将要比较发明家与科学家的不同。带着这个问题阅读，就很容易掌握文章的信息，就不难读懂纯理论科学家注重的是研究的准确性，而发明家注重的是实用。根据上下文的对照关系可以很轻松地确定答案。
The men who __76__ the machines of the Industrial Revolution __77__ from many backgrounds and many occupations. Many of them were __78__ inventors than scientists. A man who is a __79_ scientist is primarily interested in doing his research ___80__. He is not necessarily working __81___ that his findings can be used.
An inventor or one interested in applied science is __82___ trying to make something that has a concrete __83__. He may try to solve a problem by using the theories __84__ science or by experimenting through trial and error. Regardless of his method, he is working to obtain __85__ result: the construction of a harvesting machine, the burning of a light bulb, or one of __86__ other objectives.
76. A. employed B. created C. operated D. controlled
77. A. came B. arrived C. stemmed D. appeared
78. A. less B. better C. more D. worse
79. A. genuine B. practical C. pure D. clever
80. A. happily B. occasionally C. reluctantly D. accurately
81. A. now B. and C. all D. so
82. A. seldom B. sometimes C. usually D. never
83. A. plan B. use C. idea D. means
84. A. of B. with C. to D. as
85. A. single B. sole C. specialized D. specific
86. A. few B. those C. many D. all
参考答案 ：
76．B 77. A 78. C 79. C 80. D 81. D
82. C 83. B 84. A 85. D 86. C
71. A. ever B. then C. never D. once
72. A. health B. body C. mind D. thought
73. A. big B. small C. minor D. major
74. A. true B. exact C. certain D. accurate
2) 程序型段落
程序型段落指按照操作程序的顺序写就的段落，如实验过程的介
关键字:四六级心得技巧
生词表:
(6) 根据先行词的修饰语判断从句中副词的使用
当定语从句的先行词被形容词最高级修饰时，从句中应该用完成时态并且用ever。如果了解这一规律，下面一题可轻松解答。
The largest brain _71__ examined belonged to a person of weak (mind).
71. A. ever B. then C. never D. once
初看，这里没有什么定语从句，实际上，分词做定语与从句做定语概念是一样的，只是结构的差别而已。这里的分词做定语就相当于that had ever been examined，因此，考生还是可以按照定语从句的规律来判断。
(7)根据上下文的逻辑关系判断状语从句连词的使用
① It shook violently _89__ it touched the ground and then moved rapidly (along) the runway and after a long run it stopped safely.
89. A. as B. unless C. while D. so
飞机着陆与剧烈振动之间既有因果关系，又有时间上的关系，但没有条件的关系，因为这里所描述的是具体发生的事情。如为因果，则着陆为因，振动为果；D因果倒置，不对。表示时间的连词while从句中一般与持续性动词或状态动词连用，表示一个动作在另一个动作的过程之中发生，显然与本句的情况不符。答案应是A，as表示同时发生。
② Did you ever have someone's name on the tip of your tongue and yet you were unable to recall it? __71__ this happens again, do not (try) to recall it.
71. A. As B. When C. While D. Whether
71所表示的应该是表示时间的副词。A，B，C都可连接时间状语从句，其中A强调同时发生；C强调主句谓语动词在从句谓语动词的进行之中发生，两者都与本题不符，答案应该是When。
③ Most children with healthy appetites are ready to eat almost anything that is offered them and a child rarely dislikes food __61_ it is badly cooked.
61. A. if B. until C. that D. unless
从意思上讲，孩子喜欢与不喜欢某一饭菜和饭菜做的质量之间应该是条件或因果的关系。从本句所表达的方式来看应该是"除非饭菜做的不好，孩子是很少会不喜欢的"，由此看来，答案应该是D。
④ The United States is well-known for its network of major highways designed to help a driver get from one place to another in the shortest possible time. _71__ these wide modern roads are generally (smooth) and well maintained, with (little) sharp curves and many straight (sections), a direct route is not always the most (enjoyable) one.
71. A. Although B. Because C. Since D. Therefore
从句介绍高速公路的优点，而主句提出其不足，前后显然是转折的关系，从句为让步状语从句，答案为A。
(8) 注意分析连词在从句中的作用和语意要求。
① We know, however, __88__ no two places are exactly the same.
88. A. although B. be C. whether D. that
从结构上看，空格后为宾语从句，A，B不能引导宾语从句，可以排除。从句中没有疑问或判断的意思，所以答案应该是D。
② Professors do not have the time to explain __81_ a university library works.
81. A. when B. what C. why D. how
空格后表示解释的内容，自然是做宾语的，为宾语从句。从连词和句子的关系来看，应该是表示方式，即解释如何使用图书馆，答案为D。
(9)注意倒装的条件
英语中主谓倒装的情况很多，如，only + 状语置于句首倒装，含有否定意味的词置于句首倒装；so表示某人也如何；neither/nor表示某人也不如何，置于句首倒装，虚拟语气中条件句if省略，将were/should/had置于句首等等。这几年的完形填空中对倒装语序的考查集中在nor的使用上。如：
① Human brains are the (same). No scientists could examine a brain and tell you the race to which the individual belonged. Brains will (vary) in size, but this occurs within every race. __70_ does size have anything to do with intelligence.
70. A. Only B. Or C. Nor D. So
② Under __79__ circumstance must a child be coaxed (or) forced to eat.
79. A. some B. such C. such D. no
以上两题中都是采用了倒装语序。而四个选项中只有一个为否定词。按照含有否定意味的词提前，主谓倒装的原则，两题都应选择否定词。第一题答案为C，表示人脑的大小同智力也没有什么关系；第二题答案为D，表示在任何情况下都不应该强迫或哄骗孩子进食。
(二) 运用篇章技巧
一个完整的语篇，一篇内容充实，结构合理，行文流畅的短文所依赖的不只是词汇和语法，更多的是篇章技巧。作者借助于篇章技巧成文，同学们在复现作者的语言时同样可以借助篇章技巧。完形填空毕竟不同于单项选择，作为一个意思连贯，结构完整的语篇，其中篇章技巧的使用是完形填空解题中至关重要的手段。
1. 运用词汇复现技巧：
复现有原词复现、同义词复现、反义词复现、同根词复现、概括词复现等。完形填空中，考生可以利用上下文的复现信息，确定正确的表达方式。
1) 原词复现
为了表达的需求，在具体的上下文中同一概念重复出现。考生可以借助于上下文中这一信息选择答案。如：
① It can be said that foreign __74__ that makes the faculty member from abroad an asset also (creates) problems of adjustment, both for the university and for the individual.……… Both the visiting professor and his students (lack) background in each others' culture.
74. A. situation B. background C. circumstances D. condition
四个选项都表示"情况"的概念,而一个外籍老师的"情况"又该用什么词来表达,通过文章后半部的阅读考生就不难发现background一词，便可判断此处答案为B。
② As the plane circled over the airport, everyone sensed that something was wrong. ……… Moving the pilot (aside), the man took his seat and listened carefully to the (urgent) instructions that were being sent by radio from the airport (below). The plane was now dangerously close (to) the ground, but to everyone's (relief), it soon began to climb. The man had to __84___ the airport several times in order to become (familiar) with the controls of the plane. ……… Following __88___, the man guided the plane toward the airfield.
84. A. surround B. circle C. observe D. view
88. A. impressions B. information C. inspections D. instructions
从上文中的circled可以推断84"在机场上盘旋"应该是B。从上文中listened to the instructions可以判断88为D。这样，84为上文中circle的复现；follow instructions 为listen to instructions的复现。
③ Again, a word from one language may pass into other languages and __74__ a new meaning. ……… So, in Spanish the word "etiquette" today is used to __77_ the small tags which a store (attached ) to a suit, a dress or a bottle. The word "etiquette" in French, (however), gradually developed a different meaning. ……… (Thus) the word "etiquette" began to indicate a system of correct manners for people to follow.
74. A. developed B. pick C. change D. bases
77. A. show B. indicate C. hold D. design
一个单词出现的新的意思，用来表示什么表达方式可以从下文的复现信息(黑体字)判断。这样考生就用不着为各选项之间的辨析而头痛。
2) 同义词、近义词复现
同义词，近义词是借助意思相同或相近的表达方式，或解释性的语言使上下文语意得以连接起来。做完形填空时，考生应注意分析上下文中出现的解释性语言。如：
① Many teachers believe that the responsibilities for learning lie with the students.………… It is the __80__responsibility to find books, magazines, and articles in the library.
A. student's b. professor's C. assistant's D. librarian's
从前面的responsibilities for learning lie with the students可以判断查找材料也应该是"学生"的责任，所以答案为A。
② That "something special" was men --- (creative) individuals who could invent machines, ………… The men who __76__ the machines of the Industrial Revolution (came) from many backgrounds and many occupations.………… Most of the people who __87__ the machines of the Industrial Revolution were inventors, not trained scientists.
76. A. employed B. created C. operated D. controlled
87. A. proposed B. developed C. supplied D. offered
从上下文来看，这一部分所谈论的是人发明机器的事情。从复现信息(黑体字)，可以推断，76、87都应该是与发明有关的词语。从这一点出发，就不难判断，76答案为B；87 答案为B。
③ An inventor or one interested in applied science is (usually) trying to make something that has a concrete __83__.
83. A. plan B. use C. idea D. means
applied science 即"应用科学"，从apply一词可以看出下文复现的应该是 "用"这一概念，所以83答案为C。
3) 反义词复现
语意的连贯有时通过对比的结构采用反义复现的手段，或者是以反义的方式对前文加以解释。在考试中，考生应注意分析这类概念复现，从反义的角度判断正确的选项。
① Forcing yourself to recall (almost) never helps because it doesn't ____ your memory; it only tightens it.
81. A. loosen B. weaken C. decrease D. reduce
前后两部分互为解释，一为肯定，一为否定，为反义复现。从下文的tighten可以判断，上文应该是选loosen。
② There are four types of blood. __67__ types are found in every race, and no type is distinct to any race.
67. A. All B. Most C. No D. Some
并列连词and说明前后语意一致，那么，前后应该是反义复现，与no 反义的自然是A(all) 。
4) 同源词复现
对于上下文语意复现的表达，考生还借助复现信息的同源词。如以下各例：
① Many teachers believe that the responsibilities for learning lie with the students. If a long reading assignment is given, the instructors expect students to be familiar with the (information) in the reading …………When research is __78__, the professor expects the student to take it actively and to complete it with (minimum) guidance.
78. A. collected B. assigned C. distributed D. finished
该部分作者通过两个例子说明，应该有学生负责自己的学习，都是从"布置作业"方面解释。说明布置阅读作业时要求学生如何；布置研究作业时又该要求学生如何。两个例子概念复现，借助于give reading assignment的表达方式，可以确定78应该是B，构成assign research的结构。
② (Although) these wide modern roads are generally (smooth) and well maintained, with (little) sharp curves and many straight (sections) ………… others are uneven road __85__ through the country.
85. A. driving B. curving C. crossing D. travelling
上文中提高高速公路上的弯道时用的是curve，85复现"弯道"的概念，用的应该是与curve有关的动词，即curving。
5) 上义词复现
上义词具有概括的作用。在写作中，有时为了表达的需要，作者会先概述，再分述。概述时用的为上义词，分述则用比较具体的下义词。在解答完形填空时，考生应注意分析这中分总关系，选择适当的表达方式。
① Regardless of his method, he is working to obtain a __85__ result: the construction of a harvesting machine, the burning of a light bulb, or one of (man) other objectives.
85. A. single B. sole C. specialized D. specific
冒号后自然是对上文的解释，从解释的内容来看，三者统一于一个概念之下：specific为具体，所以答案为D。
② Consider the everyday English __87__ "Goodbye".
87. A. expression B. statement C. proverb D. conversation
Goodbye为所填之词的同位语，goodbye 为下义词，其上义词应该是A，expression。
2．运用词汇同现技巧
同现指意义上相互联系的单词同时出现在同一语篇当中。一个语篇，一个话题，要求与之相连的词汇。由于单词意义的差别、所使用的语域不同，因此所适应的上下文也各有别。为了保证语篇的和谐性，得体性，有必要一话题为中心，了解有相关单词组成的词汇链。
1)场所同现
① This is thought to be a __89_ where further study is called (for).
89. A. a scope B. field C. range D. district
"研究"就有研究的"领域"、研究的"课题"、从事研究的"人员"。所以" 研究"与"领域"是同现，答案自然就是B。
② Another (way) to divide the study of __80__ is to distinguish between physical geography and cultural geography. The former focuses on the natural world; the _81__ starts with human beings and _82___ how human beings and their environment act (upon) each other. But when geography is considered as a single subject, __84__ branch can neglect the other.
80. A. world B. earth C. globe D. geography
81. A. second B. next C. later D. latter
82. A. learns B. studies C. realizes D. understands
84. A. neither B. to C. one D. by
从文章主题(也就是话题)来看，本短文所谈论的是"地理"。地理作为一门"科学"有其"研究"的内容。所以，geography, science, study是同现词汇, 80答案为D，这从下文分述中的复现也可证明；82答案为B，是同现动词。
从上文former的使用可以推断82答案为D，因former与latter为结构同现。
最后the other的使用说明只有两个，况且这一段所讨论的就是两种地理观的区别，那么两者都不自然就是neither， 也就是说neither与the other本来是同现关系。
2)修饰同现
③ (Although) these wide modern roads are generally __72__ and well maintained, with (little) sharp curves and many straight __74__, a direct route is not always the most (enjoyable one).
72. A. stable B. smooth C. splendid D. complicated
74. A. selections B. separations C. series D. sections
本题涉及到名词同现和形容词同现。与高速公路同现的形容词自然应该是"平坦"，有高速公路同现的名词自然有路段。由此来判断可知72答案为B，74答案为D。
3)因果同现
④ Furthermore, these highways generally __77__ large urban centers which means that they become crowded with __78_ traffic during rush hours.
77. A. lead B. connect C. collect D. communicate
78. A. large B. fast C. light D. heavy
道路的作用是连接人们有去之处,目的是为了交通,因此,highways, connect, traffic为同现词汇，而与traffic同现的形容词有light, heavy。由此可见77答案为B，78答案可为C，也可为D。但与rush hour同现的却只能是heavy traffic，所以78题答案为D。
4)结构同现
⑤ _84__ of these are good two-lane roads; others are uneven roads (curving) through the country.
84. A. All B. Lots C. Several D. Some
如果考生熟悉some与others结构上的同现关系，就用不着在分析数量上下功夫，答案自然可得。
⑥ Never ask a child __64__ he likes or dislikes a food and never (discuss) likes and dislikes in front of or allow (anyone) else to do so.
64. A. whether B. what C. that D. which
本题考查的乃是结构同现，与or 搭配的只有whether，即A。
5)同义同现
⑦ If a student has problem with classroom work, the student should either __89__ a professor during office hours __90__ make an appointment.
89. A. greet B. attach C. approach D. annoy
90. A. or B. and C. to D. but
90 与either构成结构同现 either … or，89与make an appointment为近义同现。make an appointment就是approach(接近)老师的一种方式，所以89题答案为C.
(三) 逻辑关系
一个完整的语篇应该是符合逻辑的，文章逻辑关系的取得主要靠转承语的使用。正确使用转承语，是保证文章连贯和谐，保证文章逻辑的有效手段。作者利用转承语保证文章的逻辑，同学们在做完形填空时通过自己对上下文的理解，找到适当的逻辑关系，然后选择正确的转承语。因此同学们有必要掌握各种转承语的用法。
完形填空的目的不是阅读，而是根据阅读掌握的信息恢复作者写作的原貌。从转承语上来说，即要求考生根据文章的语意发展和逻辑关系，确定适当的词语。
转承语与连词不同。连词一般是句子层面上的东西，要求考生所理解的是一句中主从句之间的语意联系，而转承语要求考生掌握的是语篇层面上的东西，考生需根据语篇上下文的逻辑关系才能确定适当的表达方式。因此，在转承语的选择上，同学们要仔细阅读文章的上下文内容，从整体上去把握。试看下列例题：
① The foreign research scholar usually isolates (himself) in the laboratory as a means of protection; __77_, what he needs is to be fitted (with) a highly organized university system quite different from (that) at home.
77. A. otherwise B. moreover C. however D. also
外籍研究学者习惯于将自己关闭在实验室之内，而他们所需要的却是溶入与他们原来所处的教育体系不同的体系之内。从上下文来看，两句的关系为转折，所以答案为C。
② …………a geographer might be described (as) one who observes, records, and explains the (differences) between places. If all places (were) alike, there would be little need for geographers. We know, however, (that) no two places are exactly the same. Geography, __89_, is a point of view, a special way of (looking) at places.
89. A. still B. then c. nevertheless D. moreover
在讨论了对地理学的研究之后，于文章的最后结论道，"地理学也是一种观点，一种观察不同地区的特殊方法"。由此可见，89 答案为B。
③ In the United States, professor have many other duties (besides) teaching, such as administrative or research work. __87__ the time that a professor can spend with a student outside of class is (limited).
87. A. However B. Furthermore C. Therefore D. Nevertheless
因为教授们的工作很多，不只是教学，所以他们能与学生在一起的时间比较有限。从上下文的逻辑关系来看，应该是因果关系，答案为C。
④ The plane was now dangerously close (to) the ground, but to everyone's (relief), it soon began to climb. The man had to (circle) the airport several times in order to become (familiar) with the controls of the plane. __86__ the danger had not yet passed. The terrible (moment) came when he had to land.
86. A. Then B. Therefore C. But D. Moreover
飞机又爬到空中，在机场盘旋了几次，"驾驶员"也熟悉了飞机的操作，似乎危险已过，但情况远非如此。从下文中所介绍的飞机降落时的情况可以看出86答案应该是C。
⑤ Students find preparatory method helpful (in) examinations. They read over the questions (before) trying to answer any of them. __84___ they answer first the ones (in) which they are most confident. Meanwhile, deeper mental activities in the subconscious mind are taking (place); work is being done on the (less) difficult question. By the time the easier questions are answered, answers (to) the more difficult ones will begin to come into consciousness.
84. A. Thus B. But C. Therefore D. Then
这里介绍了在解答问题时"准备工作"的重要性。学生在回答问题之前先阅读所有的问题，然后先回答比较容易的，比较容易的问答完之后，对难的问题的答案也就自然而然地在大脑总出现。这反映出预先阅读的重要性。考生在把所有这些读清楚之后，就自然会清楚84处所表示的 时间上的关系，也就可以判断答案为D。
⑥ A land free from destruction, plus wealth, natural resources, and labor supply - all these were important (factors) in helping England to become the center for the Industrial Revolution. __72___ they were not enough. Something (else) was needed to start the industrial process. That "something special" was men.
72. A. But B. Besides C. And D. Even
文章首先介绍财富，资源，劳动力在工业革命中的作用，然后笔锋一转提出文章的主题，发明机器的人。从这关系上看，72处应是转折连词。答案为A。
⑦ The word "etiquette", which is (of) French origin and originally meant a label, (or) a sign, passed into Spanish and kept its original meaning. So in Spanish the word "etiquette" today is used to (indicate) the small tags which a store (attaches) to a suit, a dress or a bottle. The word "etiquette" in French, __79__, gradually developed a different meaning. It __80__ became the custom to write directions on small cards, or "etiquette", as to how visitors should dress themselves and (act) during an important ceremony at the royal court. __82_, the word "etiquette" began to indicate a system of correct manners for people to follow.
79. A. moreover B. however C. therefore D. furthermore
80. A. late B. lately C. latest D. later
82. A. Nevertheless B. Also C. Yet D. Thus
这一部分介绍了语言中单词意思的变化。列举了两种情况，一种是单词意思没有变化，另一种是发生了变化，因此两者之间的关系为对比，从文章叙述的逻辑来看是转折，79答案为B。在介绍单词意思变化时介绍了"etiquette"在法语中的变化过程。这个变化过程是一个时间的过程，80答案为D。在介绍"etiquette"的意思变化时通过一种习俗加以说明，上下为因果关系，82答案为D。
(四)根据文章的类型结构解答完形填空
四六级完形填空多以说明文和议论文为主，说明文，议论文一般采用分类、比较对照、因果、例证等方式谋篇。正确把握文章的结构类型有助于文章的理解，也因此有助于完形填空的解答。完形填空的任务是在正确理解短文的基础上再现作者的语言表达方式。为此，同学们应注意加强文章谋篇布局的分析。
1．四级完形填空的段落类型
1) 比较对照型
比较对照是四六级英语考试完形填空中比较常用的一种段落格式。在解答这类完形填空时考生应注意利用比较对照模式所提供的信息，包括对比项各自的特点，语言表达的方式，由于对比的出现，很容易出现复现现象，考生应注意利用这些信息，帮助解答完形填空。如：
The United States is well known for its network of major highways designed to help a driver get from one place to another in the shortest possible time._71__ these wide modern roads are generally _72__ and well maintained, with __73_ sharp curves and many straight __74__, a direct route is not always the most __75___ one. Large highways often pass __76___ scenic areas and interesting small town. Furthermore, these highways generally __77__ large urban centers which means that they become crowded with ___78__ traffic during rush hours, __79__ the "fast, direct" way becomes a very slow route.
However, there is __80__ always-another route to take __81_ you are not in hurry. Not far from the __82__ new "super highways", there are often older, __83_ heavily traveled roads which go through the countryside . __84__ of these are good two-lane roads; others are uneven roads __85_ through the country. These secondary routes may go up steep slopes, along high __86_, or down frightening hillsides to towns __87_ in deep valleys. Through these less direct routes, longer and slower, they generally go place __88__ the air is clean and the scenery is beautiful, and the driver may have __89___ to get a fresh, clean __90__ of the world.
71. A. Although B. Because C. Since D. Therefore
72. A. stable B. splendid C. smooth D. complicated
73. A. little B. few C. much D. many
74. A. selections B. separations C. series D. sections
75. A. terrible B. enjoyable C. possible D. profitable
76. A. to B. into C. over D. by
77. A. lead B. connect C. collect D. communicate
78. A. large B. light C. fast D. heavy
79. A. when B. for C. but D. that
80. A. yet B. still C. almost D. quite
81. A. unless B. as C. if D. since
82. A. relatively B. regularly C. respectively D. reasonably
83. A. and B. less C. more D. or
84. A. All B. Several C. Lots D. Some
85. A. driving B. crossing C. curving D. traveling
86. A. rocks B. cliffs C. roads D. paths
87. A. lying B. laying C. laid D. lied
88. A. there B. which C. when D. where
89. A. space B. chance C. period D. spot
90. A. view B. variety C. visit D. virtue
参考答案为：71. A 72. C 73. B 74. D 75. C
76. D 77. B 78. D 79. A 80. C
81. B 82. A 83. B 84. D 85. C
86. B 87. A 88. D 89. C 90. A
再如95年6月四级完形填空中的两段。从Many of them were (more) inventors than scientists.可以看出，下文将要比较发明家与科学家的不同。带着这个问题阅读，就很容易掌握文章的信息，就不难读懂纯理论科学家注重的是研究的准确性，而发明家注重的是实用。根据上下文的对照关系可以很轻松地确定答案。
The men who __76__ the machines of the Industrial Revolution __77__ from many backgrounds and many occupations. Many of them were __78__ inventors than scientists. A man who is a __79_ scientist is primarily interested in doing his research ___80__. He is not necessarily working __81___ that his findings can be used.
An inventor or one interested in applied science is __82___ trying to make something that has a concrete __83__. He may try to solve a problem by using the theories __84__ science or by experimenting through trial and error. Regardless of his method, he is working to obtain __85__ result: the construction of a harvesting machine, the burning of a light bulb, or one of __86__ other objectives.
76. A. employed B. created C. operated D. controlled
77. A. came B. arrived C. stemmed D. appeared
78. A. less B. better C. more D. worse
79. A. genuine B. practical C. pure D. clever
80. A. happily B. occasionally C. reluctantly D. accurately
81. A. now B. and C. all D. so
82. A. seldom B. sometimes C. usually D. never
83. A. plan B. use C. idea D. means
84. A. of B. with C. to D. as
85. A. single B. sole C. specialized D. specific
86. A. few B. those C. many D. all
参考答案 ：
76．B 77. A 78. C 79. C 80. D 81. D
82. C 83. B 84. A 85. D 86. C
下面一段完形填空选自98年1月份的四级英语考题。在说明脑子的大小与智力无关时采用的对比的方式，这种结构本身就说明的73题的答案。由于例证是用来说明智力与大脑的关系，就使的72成分复现现象。可见掌握语篇的结构模式对理解和语言再现的作用。
There are four types of blood. _67__ types are found in every race, and no type is distinct to any race. Human brains are the __68__. No scientists could examine a brain and tell you the race to which the individual belonged. Brains will __69__ in size, but this occurs within every race. __70__ does size have anything to do with intelligence. The largest brain __71__ examined belonged to a person of weak __72__. On the other hand, some of our most distinguished people have __73__ brains. Mental tests which are reasonably __74__ show no differences intelligence between races.
67. A. All B. Most C. No D. Some
68. A. same B. identical C. similar D. alike
69. A. remain B. increase C. decrease D. vary
70. A. Only B. Or C. Nor D. So
71. A. ever B. then C. never D. once
72. A. health B. body C. mind D. thought
73. A. big B. small C. minor D. major
74. A. true B. exact C. certain D. accurate
2) 程序型段落
程序型段落指按照操作程序的顺序写就的段落，如实验过程的介
关键字:四六级心得技巧
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