speaker EXCEPT that it doesn't help the speaker________.



A. to control the audience



B. to gain audience interest and esteem



C. to know whether he is talking too much about a certain point



D. to analyze his audience when he is beginning his speech



Passage Two



It has been shown that children who smoke have certain characteristics. Compared with non-smokers they are more rebellious, their work deteriorates（变坏）as they move up school, they are more likely to leave school early, and are more often delinquent（犯法的） and sexually precocious（早熟）. Many of these features can be summarized as anticipation of adulthood.



There are a number of factors which determine the onset of smoking, and these are largely psychological and social. They include availability of cigarettes, curiosity, rebelliousness, appearing tough, anticipation of adulthood, social confidence, the example of parents and teachers, and smoking by friends and older brothers and sisters.



It should be much easier to prevent children from starting to smoke than to persuade adults to give up the habit once established, but in fact this has proved very difficult. The example set by people in authority, especially parents, health care workers, and teachers, is of prime importance. School rules should forbid smoking by children on the premises（大楼及附属建筑物）. This rule has been introduced at Summerhill School where I spent my schooldays.



There is, however, a risk of children smoking just to rebel against the rules, and even in those schools which have tried to enforce no smoking by corporal（肉体的） punishment there is as much smoking as in other schools. Nevertheless, banning smoking is probably on balance beneficial. Teachers too should not smoke on school premises, at least not in front of children.



1. In this passage the author puts an emphasis on ________.



A. the effect of smoking among children



B. the difficulty in preventing children from smoking



C. the reasons why children start smoking



D. the measures to ban smoking among children



2. Which of the following is a common characteristic of young smokers?



A. Disobedience B. Laziness C. Lack of intelligence D. Vanity



3. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?



A. Some children start to smoke out of curiosity.



B. Many children start to smoke because they want to appear mature.



C. In order to have fewer children smokers, parents, teachers and health care workers should not smoke.



D. It is not as difficult to prevent children from starting to smoke as to dissuade adults from smoking.



4. The writer concludes that school rules to forbid smoking ________.



A. should be introduced, for it really works at the school where he once studied.



B. should not be introduced, for it may cause disturbance.



C. should be introduced though it may not work effectively.



D. needn't be introduced as long as teachers don't smoke in front of children.



5. The author's attitude towards his writing is ________.



A. objective B. emotional C. critical D. indifferent



Passage Three



When astronaut Neil Armstrong set foot on the moon for the first time, on July 20, 1969, it represented one of the most inspiring achievements in man's history to millions of people throughout the world. But to a small organization called the International Flat Earth Research Society, it was nothing more than a piece of cleverly stage-managed science-fiction trickery.



And Armstrong's historic words when stepping down from the Eagle module（宇航飞船船舱）onto the dusty lunar surface about 240,000 miles from earth---"one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind" ----was a phrase that could have come only from the pen of a scriptwriter.



As for the pictures reputedly（一般被认为）taken in space showing the earth to be a rotating sphere, well, they were just too ludicrous（可笑的）for words. The sun, say the Flat Earthers, circuits the earth instead of the earth revolving around the sun----a notion that most people take for granted.



The society, whose membership is currently estimated to be about 1,400, dismisses much of accepted modern thinking about the shape of the earth as sheer nonsense and is convinced that the entire human race is being subjected to the greatest hoax（骗局）in history.



From its headquarters in Lancaster, California, the society wages a war of words through newsletters and pamphlets against the evils of science.



The society was founded about 1800 in Great Britain and the United States and, says its American president Charles Johnson, was descended from the Zetetic society, which took its name from an ancient Greek philosophical school of skeptics. It survived under this name until 1956, when its general secretary, Samuel Shenton, of Kent, England, changed the name to the present title.



The society's belief is this: that the earth is flat, with the land masses grouped around the central point of the North Pole.



The Antarctic region is not the compact island mass it is commonly believed to be but an impenetrable ice-cold girdle（环形物）around the earth. The Flat Earthers argue that transarctic" title="a.南极的；近南极的">antarctic expeditions have never happened. Explorers, misled by instrument faults, merely traveled an icy arc within the girdle.



1. To the International Flat Earth Research Society, man's first landing on the moon was ________.



A. one of the most inspiring events in man's history



B. only a well-conducted experiment



C. just a smartly-performed trick



D. a science-fiction piece produced by a certain scriptwriter



2. Which of the following is NOT true about the society?



A. It now has about 1,400 members.



B. Its headquarters are in both Great Britain and the United States.



C. After its foundation in 1800, it was called the Zetetic Society.



D. In 1956, Samuel Shenton changed its name to the present title.



3. According to the society's belief, ________.



A. the earth is flat and the Arctic is an impenetrable ice-cold girdle around the earth



B. the Antarctic region is a compact island mass



C. some explorers had made successful transarctic" title="a.南极的；近南极的">antarctic expeditions



D. much of the accepted modern thinking about the shape of the earth is sheer nonsense



4. Which of the following is an appropriate title for the passage?



A. The International Flat Earth Research Society



B. Man's First Landing on the Moon



C. The Zetetic Society



D. The Evils of Science



5. This piece is written ________.



A. in a matter-of-fact way



B. in a sarcastic tone



C. with a touch of irony



D. as a joke



Passage Four:



People can be addicted to different things---e.g., alcohol, drugs, certain foods, or even television. People who have such an addiction are compulsive（强迫的）; i.e., they have a very powerful psychological need that they must satisfy. According to psychologists, many people are compulsive spenders. They feel that they must spend money. This compulsion, like most others, is irrational---impossible to explain reasonably. For compulsive spenders who buy on credit, charge accounts（赊购账户）are even more exciting than money. In other words, compulsive spenders feel that with credit, they can do anything. Their pleasure in spending enormous amounts is actually greater than the pleasure that they get from the things they buy.



There is even a special psychology of bargain（特价商品） hunting. To save money, of course, most people look for sales, low prices, and discounts. Compulsive bargain hunters, however, often buy things that they don't need just because they cheap. They want to believe that they are helping their budgets, but they are really playing an exciting game. When they can buy something for less than other people, they feel that they are winning. Most people, experts claim, have two reasons for their behavior: a good reason for the things that they do and the real reason.



It is not only scientists, of course, who understand the psychology of spending habits, but also businesspeople. Stores, companies, and advertisers use psychology to increase business: They consider people's needs for love, power, or influence, their basic values, their beliefs and opinions, and so on in their advertising and sales methods.



Psychologists often use a method called "behavior therapy（疗法）" to help individuals solve their personality problems. In the same way, they can help people who feel that they have problems with money.



1. According to the psychologists, a compulsive spender is one who spends large amounts of money ________.



A. and takes great pleasure from what he or she buys



B. in order to satisfy his or her basic needs in life



C. just to meet his or her strong psychological need



D. entirely with an irrational eagerness



2. According to the writer, compulsive bargain hunters are in constant search of the lowest possible prices ________.



A. because they want to save money to help their budgets



B. because they can openly boast of their triumph over others in getting things for less



C. and will not have money problems if they can keep to their budgets



D. but they seldom admit they feel satisfied if they can get things for less than others



3. Which of the following is true?



A. All people spend money for exactly the same reason that they need to buy things.



B. Businesspeople and advertisers can use the psychology of money to increase sales.



C. Businesspeople understand the psychology of compulsive buying better than scientists do



D. Compulsive bargain hunters do not have problems with money.



4. The article is mainly about ________.



A. the psychology of money-spending habits



B. the purchasing habits of compulsive spenders



C. a special psychology of bargain hunting



D. the use of the psychology of spending habits in business



5. From the passage we may safely conclude that compulsive spenders or compulsive bargain hunters ________.



A. are really unreasonable



B. need special treatment



C. are really beyond remedies



D. can never get any help to solve their problems with money



Passage Five



I came across an old country guide the other day. It listed all the tradesmen in each village in my part of the country, and it was impressive to see the great variety of services which were available on one's own doorstep in the late Victorian countryside.



Nowadays a superficial traveler in rural England might conclude that the only village tradesmen still flourishing were either selling frozen food to the inhabitants or selling antiques to visitors. Nevertheless, this would really be a false impression. Admittedly there has been a contraction（收缩） of village commerce, but its vigor is still remarkable.



Our local grocer's shop, for example, is actually expanding in spite of the competition from supermarkets in the nearest town. Women sensibly prefer to go there and exchange the local news while doing their shopping, instead of queuing up at a supermarket. And the proprietor（店主）knows well that personal service has a substantial cash value.



His prices may be a bit higher than those in the town, but he will deliver anything at any time. His assistants think nothing of bicycling down the village street in their lunch hour to take a piece of cheese to an old age pensioner（领养老金者）who sent her order by word of mouth with a friend who happened to be passing. The more affluent customers telephone their shopping lists and the goods are on their doorsteps within an hour. They have only to hint at a fancy for some commodity outside the usual stock and the grocer, a red-faced figure, instantly obtains it for them.



The village gains from this sort of enterprise, of course. But I also find it satisfactory because a village shop offers one of the few ways in which a modest individualist can still get along in the world without attaching himself to the big battalion of industry or commerce.



1. The services available in villages nowadays are normally ________.



A. fewer but still very active



B. less successful than earlier but managing to survive



C. active in providing food for the village, and tourist goods



D. surprisingly energeticconsidering the little demand for them



2. The local grocer's shop is expanding ________.



A. because women spend a lot of their time there just gossiping



B. even though town shops are larger and rather cheaper



C. in spite of the fact that people like to shop where they are less well-known



D. for people get personal service in his shop



3. The writer implies that one disadvantage of town shops is that ________.



A. their prices are higher



B. people cannot telephone them



C. their staff may take less trouble to satisfy customers



D. one has to queue up to pay in them



4. How do the village grocer's assistants feel about giving extra service?



A. They tend to forget it. B. They will not consider it.



C. It does not seem worth their while. D. They take it for granted.



5. Another aspect of personal service available in the village shop is that ________.



A. there is a very wide range of goods available



B. rare goods are obtained whenever they are needed



C. special attention is given to the needs of wealthier customers



D. goods are always restocked before they run out







Vocabulary Exercises:



Exercise One



1． Without my glasses I can hardly ________ what has been written in the letter.



A. make for B. make out C. make up D. make over



2. Jane's anger could not be ________ when the conversation turned to the criticism of her own father.



A. held on B. held out C. held back D. held up



3. Fresh air, enough exercise and nutritious food ________ to good health.



A. contribute B. add C. attribute D. distribute



4. The old lady ________ through the key hole at her new neighbors.



A. stared B. gazed C. glanced D. peeped



5. The ability to ________ themselves by camouflage(伪装) enables some defenseless animals to survive.



A. conceive B. conceal C. deceive D. distort



6. Gettysburge was the ________of the most important battle in American Civil War.



A. scene B. view C. sight D. landscape



7. Do you think it's fair to keep a bird ________ in a cage all the time?



A. restricted B. limited C. confined D. enclosed



8. Alex Haley was ________ unheard of until he wrote the novel Roots.



A. truly B. roughly C. genuinely D. practically



9. A hot iron can scorch and discolor ________ fabrics quickly.



A. soft B. delicate C. frail D. decent



10. Our English professor is a man of Italian ________.



A. birth B. origin C. source D. breed



11. If you are always sitting up late at night, I'm afraid you may ________ from overwork soon.



A. fall B. descent C. sicken D. collapse



12. I wanted to buy a color TV set this year, but my brother rejected the idea ________ a trip to the beach.



A. instead of B. in view of C. in favor of D. in case of



13. Some of this meat came from Canada. How about ________?



A. another B. others C. the other D. the rest



14. Prof. Flynn found no students in the lecture hall when he arrived. Only then did he realize that he came ________ early.



A. too much B. much too C. so much D. much so



15. I wanted to be sure ________ a sudden emergency that we gave the right advice.



A. on account of B. at the risk of C. in case of D. in spite of



16. The police chief announced that the deaths of two young girls would soon be inquired ________.



A. about B. into C. of D. after



17. According to the urban construction program, old buildings that are ________ repair should be blown up.



A. in B. under C. out of D. beyond



18. They were more than glad to leave their cars parked and walked ________ a change.



A. as B. to C. for D. by



19. That scientist isn't too happy with the project, and ________ are her supervisors.



A. neither B. either C. so D. as



20. Mr. White was told again and again to ________ smoking but he just wouldn't listen.



A. cut through B. cut off C. cut down on D. cut away



21. The Greyhound ________ outside of New York Bus Station at 6 p.m and started for Washington D.C. at 6:20 p.m. .



A. pulled up B. pulled down C. pulled out D. pulled on



22. Can you give me another hint without ________ the answer?



A. giving off B. giving away C. giving up D. giving in



23. Columbus was ________ his times in his belief that the Earth was round.



A. in front of B. in advance C. before D. ahead of



24. Nowadays a large number of people buy ________ Christmas trees instead of real ones.



A. false B. fake C. sham D. artificial



25. Though he is only 7 years old, he has a ________ imagination.



A. furtive B. fertile C. frank D. furious



26. T

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