three years after (12th June 1695), the same monarch deemed it

necessary to publish a new law for their persecution and
chastisement. This law, which is exceedinglysevere, consists of

twenty-nine articles. By the fourth they are forbidden any other
exercise or manner of life than that of the cultivation of the

fields, in which their wives and children, if of competent age, are
to assist them.

Of every other office, employment, or commerce, they are declared
incapable, and especially of being BLACKSMITHS.

By the fifth, they are forbidden to keep horses or mares, either
within or without their houses, or to make use of them in any way

whatever, under the penalty of two months' imprisonment and the
forfeiture of such animals; and any one lending them a horse or a

mare is to forfeit the same, if it be found in their possession.
They are declared only capable of keeping a mule, or some lesser

beast, to assist them in their labour, or for the use of their
families.

By the twelfth, they are to be punished with six years in the
galleys, if they leave the towns or villages in which they are

located, and pass to others, or wander in the fields or roads; and
they are only to be permitted to go out, in order to exercise the

pursuit of husbandry. In this edict, particular mention is made of
the favour and protection shown to the Gitanos, by people of

various descriptions, by means of which they had been enabled to
follow their manner of life undisturbed, and to baffle the severity

of the laws:-
'Article 16. - And because we understand that the continuance in

these kingdoms of those who are called Gitanos has depended on the
favour, protection, and assistance which they have experienced from

persons of different stations, we do ordain, that whosoever,
against whom shall be proved the fact of having, since the day of

the publication hereof, favoured, received, or assisted the said
Gitanos, in any manner whatever, whether within their houses or

without, the said person, provided he is noble, shall be subjected
to the fine of six thousand ducats, the half of which shall be

applied to our treasury, and the other half to the expenses of the
prosecution; and, if a plebeian, to a punishment of ten years in

the galleys. And we declare, that in order to proceed to the
infliction of such fine and punishment, the evidence of two

respectable witnesses, without stain or suspicion, shall be
esteemed legitimate and conclusive, although they depose to

separate acts, or three depositions of the Gitanos themselves, MADE
UPON THE RACK, although they relate to separate and different acts

of abetting and harbouring.'
The following article is curious, as it bears evidence to Gypsy

craft and cunning:-
'Article 18. - And whereas it is very difficult to prove against

the Gitanos the robberies and delinquencies which they commit,
partly because they happen in uninhabited places, but more

especially on account of the MALICE and CUNNING with which they
execute them; we do ordain, in order that they may receive the

merited chastisement, that to convict, in these cases, those who
are called Gitanos, the depositions of the persons whom they have

robbed in uninhabited places shall be sufficient, provided there
are at least two witnesses to one and the same fact, and these of

good fame and reputation; and we also declare, that the CORPUS
DELICTI may be proved in the same manner in these cases, in order

that the culprits may be proceeded against, and condemned to the
corresponding pains and punishments.'

The council of Madrid published a schedule, 18th of August 1705,
from which it appears that the villages and roads were so much

infested by the Gitano race, that there was neither peace nor
safety for labourers and travellers; the corregidors and justices

are therefore exhorted to use their utmostendeavour to apprehend
these outlaws, and to execute upon them the punishments enjoined by

the preceding law. The ministers of justice are empowered to fire
upon them as public enemies, wherever they meet them, in case of

resistance or refusal to deliver up the arms they carry about them.
Philip the Fifth, by schedule, October 1st, 1726, forbade any

complaints which the Gitanos might have to make against the
inferior justices being heard in the higher tribunals, and, on that

account, banished all the Gypsy women from Madrid, and, indeed,
from all towns where royal audiences were held, it being the custom

of the women to flock up to the capital from the small towns and
villages, under pretence of claiming satisfaction for wrongs

inflicted upon their husbands and relations, and when there to
practise the art of divination, and to sing obscene songs through

the streets; by this law, also, the justices are particularly
commanded not to permit the Gitanos to leave their places of

domicile, except in cases of very urgent necessity.
This law was attended with the same success as the others; the

Gitanos left their places of domicile whenever they thought proper,
frequented the various fairs, and played off their jockey tricks as

usual, or traversed the country in armed gangs, plundering the
small villages, and assaulting travellers.

The same monarch, in October, published another law against them,
from St. Lorenzo, of the Escurial. From the words of this edict,

and the measures resolved upon, the reader may form some idea of
the excesses of the Gitanos at this period. They are to be hunted

down with fire and sword, and even the sanctity of the temples is
to be invaded in their pursuit, and the Gitanos dragged from the

horns of the altar, should they flee thither for refuge. It was
impossible, in Spain, to carry the severity of persecution farther,

as the very parricide was in perfect safety, could he escape to the
church. Here follows part of this law:-

'I have resolved that all the lord-lieutenants, intendants, and
corregidors shall publish proclamations, and fix edicts, to the

effect that all the Gitanos who are domiciled in the cities and
towns of their jurisdiction shall return within the space of

fifteen days to their places of domicile, under penalty of being
declared, at the expiration of that term, as public banditti,

subject to be fired at in the event of being found with arms, or
without them, beyond the limits of their places of domicile; and at

the expiration of the term aforesaid, the lord-lieutenants,
intendants, and corregidors are strictly commanded, that either

they themselves, or suitable persons deputed by them, march out
with armed soldiery, or if there be none at hand, with the

militias, and their officers, accompanied by the horse rangers,
destined for the protection of the revenue, for the purpose of

scouring the whole district within their jurisdiction, making use
of all possible diligence to apprehend such Gitanos as are to be

found on the public roads and other places beyond their domiciliary
bounds, and to inflict upon them the penalty of death, for the mere

act of being found.
'And in the event of their takingrefuge in sacred places, they are

empowered to drag them forth, and conduct them to the neighbouring
prisons and fortresses, and provided the ecclesiastical judges

proceed against the secular, in order that they be restored to the
church, they are at liberty to avail themselves of the recourse to

force, countenanced by laws declaring, even as I now declare, that
all the Gitanos who shall leave their allotted places of abode, are

to be held as incorrigible rebels, and enemies of the public
peace.'

From this period, until the year 1780, various other laws and
schedules were directed against the Gitanos, which, as they contain

nothing very new or remarkable, we may be well excused from
particularising. In 1783, a law was passed by the government,

widely differing in character from any which had hitherto been
enacted in connection with the Gitano caste or religion in Spain.

CHAPTER XII
CARLOS TERCERO, or Charles the Third, ascended the throne of Spain

in the year 1759, and died in 1788. No Spanish monarch has left
behind a more favourable impression on the minds of the generality

of his countrymen; indeed, he is the only one who is remembered at
all by all ranks and conditions; - perhaps he took the surest means

for preventing his name being forgotten, by erecting a durable
monument in every large town, - we do not mean a pillar surmounted

by a statue, or a colossal figure on horseback, but some useful and
stately public edifice. All the magnificent modern buildings which

attract the eye of the traveller in Spain, sprang up during the
reign of Carlos Tercero, - for example, the museum at Madrid, the

gigantic tobaccofabric at Seville, - half fortress, half
manufactory, - and the Farol, at Coruna. We suspect that these