align="center">Study: TV makes learning less efficient
研究表明看电视降低学习效率
Your parents were right, don't study with the TV on. Multitasking(1) may be a necessity in today's fast-paced world, but new research shows distractions(2) affect the way people learn, making the knowledge they gain harder to use later on.
"What's new is that even if you can learn while distracted, it changes how you learn to make it less efficient and useful," said Russell Poldrack, a psychology professor at the University of California.
That could affect a lot of young people. A study last year found third-graders through 12th-graders devoted, on average, nearly 6 1/2 hours per day to TV and videos, music, video games and computers.
As Poldrack explains it, the brain learns in two different ways. One, called declarative learning(3), deals with learning active facts that can be recalled and used with great flexibility. The second is called habit learning(4).
For instance, in learning a phone number you can simply memorize it, using declarative learning, and can then recall it whenever needed, Poldrack explained.
A second way to learn it is by habit, "punch it in 1,000 times, then even if you don't remember it consciously, you can go to the phone and punch it in," he said.
Memorizing is a lot more useful, he pointed out. "If you use the habit system, you have to be at a phone to recreate the movements."
The problem, Poldrack said, is that the two types of learning seem to be competing with each other, and when someone is distracted, habit learning seems to take over from(5) declarative learning.
"We have to multitask in today's world, but you have to be aware of this," he said. "When a kid is trying to learn new concepts, new information, distraction is going to be bad, it's going to impair(6) their ability to learn."
That doesn't mean he thinks a silent environment is essential music can help in learning because it can make the individual happier, he said.
But in general, "distraction is almost always a bad thing."
What Poldrack and his colleagues did was to use brain imaging to study the parts of the brain in use when 14 people were learning.
Participants were asked to predict the weather after receiving a repeated set of cues. During part of the learning, researchers added a second task where participants had to keep a running mental count of(7) high tones that they heard, thus adding an element of distraction.
The results showed that when doing single-task learning, the brain used the region associated with declarative memory, while the habit memory region was associated with dual-task(8) learning.
The dual-task learning did not affect the participants' ability to predict weather at the time, but it reduced their knowledge about the task during a follow-up(9) session later.
你的父母是对的，不要边看电视边学习。一心多用可能在当今快节奏的世界里是必要的，但最新研究发现注意力的分散会影响人们学习的方式，使学到的知识很难在日后得到应用。
"新发现在于即使你能边干别的边学习，这么做会改变你的学习方式，降低学习效率和效果，"加州大学心理学教授拉塞尔.波特拉克说。
这可能影响很多年轻人。去年的一项调查发现三到十二年级学生平均每天花将近六个半小时来看电视和录像，听音乐，打电游以及玩电脑。
正如波特拉克解释的那样，大脑以两种不同的方式学习。一种叫叙述式学习，负责学习日后能被记起并灵活运用的主动性事实。另一种叫习惯性学习。
例如，运用叙述式学习方式，你可以简单地记住一个电话号码，并在以后需要的时候回忆起它， 波特拉克解释到。
第二种学习方式是通过习惯，"反复1000次按同一个号码，即使你不能有意识地记住它，但你还是能在电话上按出这个号码来，"他说。
这时记忆力更有用，他指出。"如果你用习惯性学习方式，你必须真正守着电话才能再按出那个号码。"
但问题是这两种学习方式好象互相竞争，当你注意力不集中时，叙述式学习方式就会被习惯性学习取而代之。
"在今天这个世界，我们必须眼观六路，耳听八方。但你必须意识到这个问题，"他说，"当孩子努力学习新概念和新信息时，分心就很糟糕，它将削弱他们学习的能力。"
这并不是说他认为安静的环境是必须的 音乐能帮助学习，因为它能让学习者感到更高兴，他说。
但总的来说，"分散注意力总不是件好事。"
波特拉克和同事所做的是观察14名正在学习的实验对象，用大脑呈像系统研究他们正在使用的大脑部分。
参与实验者被要求在反复收到一系列线索后预测天气。在部分学习过程中，研究人员加入了第二项任务作为干扰因素，那就是让参与者不断在心中默数他们听到的高音。
结果显示当专心学习时，人们使用与叙述式记忆想连的那部分大脑。而当一心二用地学习时，习惯性记忆的大脑部分就被启用。
一心二用地学习并没有马上影响实验对象预测天气的能力。但稍过一会在继续进行的实验里，他们运用天气知识的能力就降低了。
1. multitasking多重任务处理
2. distractions 分心
3. declarative learning叙述式学习
4. habit learning 习惯性学习
5. take over from 取而代之
6. impair 削弱
7. keep a running mental count of 不断在心中默数
keep count of 数得请，知道确切数目
mental 在脑中进行的
8. dual-task 双重任务
9. follow-up 继续的
关键字:双语新闻
生词表:
研究表明看电视降低学习效率
Your parents were right, don't study with the TV on. Multitasking(1) may be a necessity in today's fast-paced world, but new research shows distractions(2) affect the way people learn, making the knowledge they gain harder to use later on.
"What's new is that even if you can learn while distracted, it changes how you learn to make it less efficient and useful," said Russell Poldrack, a psychology professor at the University of California.
That could affect a lot of young people. A study last year found third-graders through 12th-graders devoted, on average, nearly 6 1/2 hours per day to TV and videos, music, video games and computers.
As Poldrack explains it, the brain learns in two different ways. One, called declarative learning(3), deals with learning active facts that can be recalled and used with great flexibility. The second is called habit learning(4).
For instance, in learning a phone number you can simply memorize it, using declarative learning, and can then recall it whenever needed, Poldrack explained.
A second way to learn it is by habit, "punch it in 1,000 times, then even if you don't remember it consciously, you can go to the phone and punch it in," he said.
Memorizing is a lot more useful, he pointed out. "If you use the habit system, you have to be at a phone to recreate the movements."
The problem, Poldrack said, is that the two types of learning seem to be competing with each other, and when someone is distracted, habit learning seems to take over from(5) declarative learning.
"We have to multitask in today's world, but you have to be aware of this," he said. "When a kid is trying to learn new concepts, new information, distraction is going to be bad, it's going to impair(6) their ability to learn."
That doesn't mean he thinks a silent environment is essential music can help in learning because it can make the individual happier, he said.
But in general, "distraction is almost always a bad thing."
What Poldrack and his colleagues did was to use brain imaging to study the parts of the brain in use when 14 people were learning.
Participants were asked to predict the weather after receiving a repeated set of cues. During part of the learning, researchers added a second task where participants had to keep a running mental count of(7) high tones that they heard, thus adding an element of distraction.
The results showed that when doing single-task learning, the brain used the region associated with declarative memory, while the habit memory region was associated with dual-task(8) learning.
The dual-task learning did not affect the participants' ability to predict weather at the time, but it reduced their knowledge about the task during a follow-up(9) session later.
你的父母是对的，不要边看电视边学习。一心多用可能在当今快节奏的世界里是必要的，但最新研究发现注意力的分散会影响人们学习的方式，使学到的知识很难在日后得到应用。
"新发现在于即使你能边干别的边学习，这么做会改变你的学习方式，降低学习效率和效果，"加州大学心理学教授拉塞尔.波特拉克说。
这可能影响很多年轻人。去年的一项调查发现三到十二年级学生平均每天花将近六个半小时来看电视和录像，听音乐，打电游以及玩电脑。
正如波特拉克解释的那样，大脑以两种不同的方式学习。一种叫叙述式学习，负责学习日后能被记起并灵活运用的主动性事实。另一种叫习惯性学习。
例如，运用叙述式学习方式，你可以简单地记住一个电话号码，并在以后需要的时候回忆起它， 波特拉克解释到。
第二种学习方式是通过习惯，"反复1000次按同一个号码，即使你不能有意识地记住它，但你还是能在电话上按出这个号码来，"他说。
这时记忆力更有用，他指出。"如果你用习惯性学习方式，你必须真正守着电话才能再按出那个号码。"
但问题是这两种学习方式好象互相竞争，当你注意力不集中时，叙述式学习方式就会被习惯性学习取而代之。
"在今天这个世界，我们必须眼观六路，耳听八方。但你必须意识到这个问题，"他说，"当孩子努力学习新概念和新信息时，分心就很糟糕，它将削弱他们学习的能力。"
这并不是说他认为安静的环境是必须的 音乐能帮助学习，因为它能让学习者感到更高兴，他说。
但总的来说，"分散注意力总不是件好事。"
波特拉克和同事所做的是观察14名正在学习的实验对象，用大脑呈像系统研究他们正在使用的大脑部分。
参与实验者被要求在反复收到一系列线索后预测天气。在部分学习过程中，研究人员加入了第二项任务作为干扰因素，那就是让参与者不断在心中默数他们听到的高音。
结果显示当专心学习时，人们使用与叙述式记忆想连的那部分大脑。而当一心二用地学习时，习惯性记忆的大脑部分就被启用。
一心二用地学习并没有马上影响实验对象预测天气的能力。但稍过一会在继续进行的实验里，他们运用天气知识的能力就降低了。
1. multitasking多重任务处理
2. distractions 分心
3. declarative learning叙述式学习
4. habit learning 习惯性学习
5. take over from 取而代之
6. impair 削弱
7. keep a running mental count of 不断在心中默数
keep count of 数得请，知道确切数目
mental 在脑中进行的
8. dual-task 双重任务
9. follow-up 继续的
关键字:双语新闻
生词表:
文章标签:双语新闻
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