Essence about the colored structure, more
unanimous view inclines to regard the flower as abnormal short one shortenned among one
festival, every part of the flower has general nature of the leaf according to shape , structure. It was poet ,
dramatist and
naturalist of Germany Goethe (Goethe 1749-1832 ) that proposed this view at first, he thinks the flower is abnormal one that is suited to
breeding function . This view has got the support of the
fossil record and much
systematic development and ontogeny evidence, and can explain the structure of most angiosperm flowers well , therefore continue to use so far.
An
intact flower includes six basic parts,
namely the pedicel (pedicel),
receptacle (
receptacle ) , calyx (calyx ) , corolla (corolla ) , the
stamen group (androecium ) and
pistil group (gynoecium ). Among them the pedicel and
receptacle are
equivalent to the part of one, four other parts are
equivalent to the abnormal leaf on one, Chang He is called the flower department (flower parts ). An four available flowers are called the complete flower (complete flower ), the ones that lacks among them let a part call the
imperfect flower (incomplete flower ).
Every part (such as calyx , corolla ,
stamen group and
pistil group ,etc. ) and inflorescence of the flower are in the course of long-term
evolution, have produced the adaptability
variation of all kinds, therefore has formed various types.
Shape in different poses and with different expressions form that structure spend, among about 250,000 kinds of angiosperm, there is 250,000 kinds of colored styles. But it is
diagrammatic that all flowers still have common structure, their
composition is usually:
The part that the
receptacle flower connects with stem , made up among
festival and
festival, the ones that grew the flower be able to be bred with
sterile attached objects on
festival. These section often because
shortening and suppressing closely
crowded and together among the
festival, causing
receptacles
remarkably and out of shape, so, are not all very like stems on the form , size and structure. The
receptacle is had
sterile some (husks , sepals , petals ) grown but
spiral ground or a round of dried rhizome of rehmannia is arranged together closely. While verticillating and arranging , between upper and lower wheels , often become
alternative permutation. Some the same class organs of plant, can form two or many wheels such as the petal (heavy flowers), such as the heavy green peach blossom of one.
The calyx is outside the most of the flower, other parts to the flower shield. Can divide several sepal into , similar to the leaf or husks very much on constructing in form. The green sepal contains chloroplasts, have air vent (device ) and epidermis mao on the epidermis storey, but seldom split up and go out of the bar to organize and organize with the
sponge like leaf. In morphology , regard the calyx as a kind of leaf out of shape. The sepal generally becomes a form to arrange , but some primitive departments, for example Mao GenKe arranges for the
spiral . They can become the form of the petal , or combine with petal degradating. The sepal is extreme while degradating, become thin tooth , scale , sting the hair or becoming small and protruding. After being fertilized, the calyx comes off or the
constellation exists , the calyx that the
constellation stores has important
protective action on the development of the fruit.
The corolla is within the calyx, the corolla can usually be split into the slice, is called the petal. The petal is generally bigger than the sepal, think in morphology the petal is a
sexual organ of a kind of leaf too. Calyx and corolla is it spend quilt to claim jointly. Epidermis layer of petal go to , can have air vents and epidermis mao. Great changes have taken place for the size and form of the petal. Some are very old, some are quite tiny , even degradate into a scale , sting hair or various kinds of glands body. Corolla except having
protective action, color and
fragrant smell of the petal, have an important effect on attracting animals and pollinating. The corolla has various kinds of bright colors, because contain the
pigment in coloured body and cell's liquid in the cell, influence that while receiving cells , various kinds of factors outside change. Some flower of anemophilous flower very obvious, green or almost
colourless.
Separate joint situation , underpart of the corolla and size shutting and becoming corolla tube according to the petal, such
characteristics as the form and depth of and the lobe of a leaf of corolla ,etc., can divide the type of the corolla into : Tube-shape (the tubular flower of the sunflower), form of the
funnel (sweet potato ) , the clock form (the root of balloonflower ) , a form (
tomato ) , lip shape (sesame ) , tongue form (the ligulate flower of the sunflower ) , butterfly's shape (peanut ) and cross Among them because of tube-shape, form of the
funnel , the form of the clock, a form and cross corolla, petal its form and size more
unanimous, so this kind is spent symmetrically for radiation. And lip shape , tongue form and butterfly shape corolla, its petal form , size are
inconsistent, present bilateral symmetry. There are flowers too, if the flower of the canna is asymmetric.
General name of all
stamens of a flower of
stamen group. In all kinds of plants, the figure of the
stamen and shape
characteristic are comparatively steady, can often make the basis classified and determining for the plant . Generally more primitive plant of each, there is a lot of figure of
stamens, become several side by side ; Each that
relatively evolved, figure reduces, invariable, or count with the petal together, or several is times as much as that of the petal counts . In one flower, if have 4
stamen, among them two filigree
relatively long, two are
relatively short, call two strong
stamens, such as the lip shape department and subject plant of root of Zhejiang figwort; And for example there are 6
stamens of a flower, 4 2 long short ones among them, call the top four
stamens, such as the Cruciferae plant. In addition, the filigree or
anther part in the
stamen, often have and connect with the
phenomenon, if the
anther is
totally separated , and the filigree is united into one bunch, call the single
stamen, for instance hollyhock , cotton ,etc.; The filigree connects in parallel and becomes two bunches, call two body
stamens, for instance broad bean , pea ,etc.; The filigree is shut as 3 bunches, call three body
stamens, such as the forsythia; Shut it for the title many body
stamen of more than 4 bunches, for instance gold silk peach and castor plant,etc.. On the contrary, the filigree is
totally separated , and the
anther unites each other, call and gather the medicine
stamen, such as the composite family, calabash subject plant.
Every
stamen,it is usually it is from
anther and catch it make up in pieces of detailed filigree of it. Whether
anther catch way can divide into in filigree. The whole medicine,
anther was all born in on filigrees , such as the lotus; Base medicine, only the
anther base department was born in the filigree top, such as the nutgrass flatsedge , small bark of a cork tree; Carrying medicines, the back of the
anther was born in the filigree top, such as the tung oil tree; T medicine, some was born in the filigree top in the middle of the
anther back, easy to wave, such as the wheat, rice; Wide fork medicine, the medicine room is
totally separated into a straight line, born in the filigree top, such as the digitalis; The word medicine of " one ", the base department of medicine room opened, was born in on the top of filigrees above.
Usually each
anther is made up by two medicine ones, medicine one of each one has two
pollen bags , medicine room where among them there are
anther walls and the small spore emerges (spore ascus). On the later stage when
anther get wall development,it is can from epidermis layer , medicine room inboard wall, in layer and fine hair felt layer ,etc. cell of 4 layers make up (among ). Having master cells of a lot of small spores of each spore ascus, they are each after meiosis , produce the small spores of four monoploids . Each small spore (core ) was split once again after this, formed a big
nutrition cell (or called and was in charge of cores), with a little
reproduction cell (core),
pollen one (
namely male gametophyte ) is ripe basically to have two cells at this moment. Before the ripe
antherfractures, separating between the medicine rooms may already break , the
anther of four spores ascus is turned into two
pollen bags promptly. One is released out from the
anther fracturing promptly in the
pollen. The way is as follows, that the
antherfractures Splitting vertically,
fracture along the intersection columns of two
pollen bags , for instance the rape, morning glory,etc.; Splitting sideways, split open horizontally in the middle part of the
anther, for instance wooden Jin , hollyhock ,etc.; The hole splits, have
aperture form
breach on the
anther top , for instance eggplant ,
tomato ,etc.; One splits, the
anther side wall is
fractured into several, for instance the camphor tree, small bark of a cork tree,etc..
General name of all
pistils of a flower of
pistil group. The
pistil lies in the centre of the flower, is grown the carpel of one of
embryo to make up . It is generally acknowledged carpel to make up base unit of
pistil , one flower have skin or a lot of carpels make up for the
pistil group wholeheartedly. Carpel leaf abnormal. A roll of , a piece of suture meeting to take shape partly of heart
suitcase, call the belly suture, a relative one
namely carpel hit rib office for carry suture.
The
pistil formed by one or a lot of carpels, the part which the base department can breed ,
expand that often split up , called the ovary, and the
sterile part on the ovary,
namely the style and column cap . Grow the difference of situations on the flower according to the ovary, divided into: Go to the seat room - -The ovary bottom link with
receptacle, these kind of flower calls the next flower. Such as Mao Gen and peach of gold silk; Put the seat room - -Sink into the
receptacle under the whole ovary, and
totally heal with the
receptacle, this kind of flower is called and gone to the
location flower, such as the
pumpkin; There are seat rooms of half times - -The downing a half of the ovary heals with the
receptacle, this kind of flower is called the
location flower for week, for instance beet ,etc.. The
receptacle of the
location flower is
expanded into the form of the cup or pot form more or less in week, the ovary is grown in the central authorities, flower and
stamenenclose seat room ovary still not going to,such as peach blossom, so on the week can have not for seat room or half an of seat rooming spending
location . In addition, according to making up the figure of carpel of the
pistil and combining the way
differently, two big classes that can divide the
pistil into the single
pistil and reply
pistils . The single
pistil is also called before growing the carpel
pistil, the
pistil that a flower and only one carpel among them formed , for instance soybeans, peach ,etc.; There is single
pistil that a flower is separated each other by the majority too, whose name is for instance Mao Gen ,
strawberry ,etc.. Reply
pistils and also call and grow the carpel
pistil jointly , is jointly taken shape by two or more carpels, ovary HeSheng among them, the style separates from column cap , for instance the castor plant, China pink,etc.; Ovary and style are grown jointly, but the column cap is separated , such as the cotton , sunflower; Have ovary , style , 3 column cap person born jointly all too, for instance rape , citrus ,etc.. By the look of view that the system is developmental, the single
pistil is a more primitive type.
The column cap lies on the style, its surface is coarse and has mucus, this is the place where accept
pollen. Grow one or several ovules in the ovary. The place to grow of ovule, is called the placenta. The placenta is often divided into: Edge placenta, room one of single carpel , ovary, the ovule is grown and sewn on the line in the belly of the carpel, such as the beans; Side
membrane placenta, the ovary formed by two or more carpels, the ovule was born in the edge of the carpel such as the rape ,
cucumber; Pivot placenta, formed the ovary of many rooms by the
suspicious peel, the ovule was born in the pivot part of the ovary, such as the cotton , citrus; Specially
setting up the central placenta, formed the ovaries of room one by the
suspicious peel, the ovule is grown on the pivot separated from ovary wall, such as the pinkwort; The base grew the placenta, the ovule was born in the department of sub foundations, such as the composite family plant; Carried and grew the placenta, the ovule was born in the top of the ovary, such as the subject plant of winter
daphne. Ovule from pearl and pearl heart organize it make up. In each ovule, generally have master cells of a big spore, after meiosis, forming the big spores of 4 monoploids, 3 among them degradate quickly, only a big spore is has silks that are split for several times, produce the
embryo bag of many cells (
namely female gametophyte).
In addition, the base department of every part of the flower often has nectaries, is called the nectary in the flower.
A flower, if have such 4 parts as sepal , petal ,
stamen and
pistil ,etc., called the complete flower; If the person who lacks a part among them , is called the
imperfect flower. There were the
stamens and
pistils in a flower, called the hermaphrodite flower; There are only
stamens or
pistils of some flowers of plant, this kind of flower is called the uni
sexual flower. Stamen male flower only,
pistil female flower only, such as oak tree and flower of the willow. If female flower and male flower with on one, this kind of plant is called the monoecism, such as the oak tree; If female flower and male flower are grown in different plants each, is called the dioecism, such as the willow. Some plants, there can be hermaphrodite flower , male flower and female flower in the same one, and kind that have, plant that has the hermaphrodite flower is female flower plants and male flower plants, such as the kiwi fruit.
Colored mode spend form shape and structure
characteristic that plant spend all kinds of , can is it express every permutation form of part of it to come with cross section
diagram of flower, called the colored mode. Such as the colored mode picture of the cotton (Fig. 7). Can show with the
formula that some
symbols and figures arrange , are called the colored form . For example the colored form of the cotton is: K (5+3 ), C5, G (3-5:3- ) of A (¡Þ ), among them K represents calyxes, C represents the petal, A represents
stamens, G represents
pistils. P representatives spent the quilt. The figure is written in the lower right corner of representative's letter , express with " ¡Þ " such as a lot of of figure, it arrange it spend rounds of more than " + " show, " () "show by joint meaning, whose name is on " G " word or below or adding by one rulering under going to, can part seat room under the representative , go to seat room and half seat room. " G " among there is the digital lower right corner, colon with word ": " Ago it is for carpel number,back for room figure. " * "
symbol on it is in front of form not colored , it represents that radiation is symmetrical to spend," "epresenting the bilateral symmetry flower, " ¡â " represents the female flower, " ¡á " represents the male flower , " " expression hermaphrodite flower " ".